The NR episode needs to be set in the context of the global financial  terjemahan - The NR episode needs to be set in the context of the global financial  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The NR episode needs to be set in t

The NR episode needs to be set in the context of the global financial market turbulence experienced during the summer of 2007. Recent years have experienced an unprecedented wave of complex financial innovation with the creation of new financial instruments and vehicles. In the words of the BOE, this financial innovation had the effect of “creating often opaque and complex financial instruments with high embedded leverage” (BOE, 2007a). Two major instruments at the centre of the financial market turmoil were Securitisation and Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs – instruments created from a portfolio of asset-backed securities and then broken into tranches of varying default risk with resulting varied prices): in both cases issue volumes rose sharply in the years prior to the crisis. Figure 1 shows the sharp rise in European securitisations, and figure 2 indicates the volume of global CDO issues and particularly the sharp increase in 2006 and the first half of 2007, followed by an almost total collapse in the summer months of that year. Securitisation involves a bank bringing together a large number of its loans (e.g. mortgages) into a single package and selling the portfolio into the capital market. The portfolio might be bought by other financial institutions or by specially created Special Purpose Vehicles, Structured Investment Vehicles (SIVs), or Conduits established by the securitising bank itself. The buyer issues securities (e.g. FRNs, asset-backed commercial 1 Copyright David T Llewellwn
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paper, longer-term paper) which are rated by a rating agency according to the quality of the underlying assets in the portfolio. In effect, the bank passes the loans to others, and the strategy is often referred to as originate-and-distribute even though the purchaser might be a specially-created bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of the bank itself. The bank may offer a line of credit to the purchaser to be activated in the event that the buyer encounters difficulty in renewing its short-term securities.
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The NR episode needs to be set in the context of the global financial market turbulence experienced during the summer of 2007. Recent years have experienced an unprecedented wave of complex financial innovation with the creation of new financial instruments and vehicles. In the words of the BOE, this financial innovation had the effect of “creating often opaque and complex financial instruments with high embedded leverage” (BOE, 2007a). Two major instruments at the centre of the financial market turmoil were Securitisation and Collateralised Debt Obligations (CDOs – instruments created from a portfolio of asset-backed securities and then broken into tranches of varying default risk with resulting varied prices): in both cases issue volumes rose sharply in the years prior to the crisis. Figure 1 shows the sharp rise in European securitisations, and figure 2 indicates the volume of global CDO issues and particularly the sharp increase in 2006 and the first half of 2007, followed by an almost total collapse in the summer months of that year. Securitisation involves a bank bringing together a large number of its loans (e.g. mortgages) into a single package and selling the portfolio into the capital market. The portfolio might be bought by other financial institutions or by specially created Special Purpose Vehicles, Structured Investment Vehicles (SIVs), or Conduits established by the securitising bank itself. The buyer issues securities (e.g. FRNs, asset-backed commercial 1 Copyright David T Llewellwn Northern Rock Case Study 2 paper, longer-term paper) which are rated by a rating agency according to the quality of the underlying assets in the portfolio. In effect, the bank passes the loans to others, and the strategy is often referred to as originate-and-distribute even though the purchaser might be a specially-created bankruptcy-remote subsidiary of the bank itself. The bank may offer a line of credit to the purchaser to be activated in the event that the buyer encounters difficulty in renewing its short-term securities.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
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NR episode perlu diatur dalam konteks gejolak pasar keuangan global yang dialami selama musim panas 2007. Beberapa tahun terakhir telah mengalami gelombang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya inovasi keuangan yang kompleks dengan penciptaan instrumen keuangan baru dan kendaraan. Dalam kata-kata BOE, inovasi keuangan ini memiliki efek "menciptakan instrumen keuangan sering buram dan kompleks dengan leverage tertanam tinggi" (BOE, 2007a). Dua instrumen utama di pusat gejolak pasar keuangan yang Sekuritisasi dan dijamin Kewajiban Utang (CDO - instrumen dibuat dari portofolio efek beragun aset dan kemudian dipecah menjadi tahapan dari berbagai risiko gagal bayar dengan menghasilkan harga bervariasi): dalam kedua kasus volume masalah meningkat tajam pada tahun-tahun sebelum krisis. Gambar 1 menunjukkan kenaikan tajam dalam securitisations Eropa, dan angka 2 menunjukkan volume isu CDO global dan khususnya peningkatan tajam pada tahun 2006 dan semester pertama tahun 2007, diikuti oleh runtuhnya hampir total di musim panas tahun itu. Sekuritisasi melibatkan bank menyatukan sejumlah besar pinjaman (misalnya KPR) ke dalam satu paket dan menjual portofolio ke pasar modal. Portofolio mungkin dibeli oleh lembaga keuangan lainnya atau dengan khusus diciptakan Kendaraan khusus tujuan, Kendaraan Investasi Terstruktur (SIVs), atau Saluran didirikan oleh bank securitising sendiri. Pembeli mengeluarkan surat berharga (misalnya FRN, komersial 1 Hak Cipta David T Llewellwn beragun aset
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kertas, kertas jangka panjang) yang dinilai oleh lembaga pemeringkat sesuai dengan kualitas aset yang mendasari dalam portofolio. Akibatnya, bank melewati pinjaman kepada orang lain, dan strategi sering disebut sebagai berasal-dan-mendistribusikan meskipun pembeli mungkin khusus diciptakan anak kebangkrutan-jauh dari bank itu sendiri. Bank dapat menawarkan jalur kredit untuk pembeli akan diaktifkan dalam hal pembeli bertemu kesulitan dalam memperbaharui surat berharga jangka pendek.
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