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Where N R is the Reynolds number, d is vessel diameter, and v, , and are blood velocity, density, and viscosity, respectively. [ Note: Blood density ( ) does not change in vivo and can be considered a constant. The threshold for turbulence in the cardiovascular system is 1,600.] Turbulence occurs where blood velocity is high. In practice, this means turbulence is only likely during fl ow through the heart and major blood vessels. Turbulence is also a signifi cant source of airfl ow resistance in the lungs. Functional murmurs during pregnancy occur due to an Hct decline and associated viscosity decrease (a physiologic anemia , see 9.4). The murmurs are associated with ventricular fi lling and high-velocity systolic fl ow through heart valves. vd N R Vessel wallPath followed bya single RBCPath followed bya single RBCTurbulent flow••• Occurs in regions where flowvelocity is highInefficient, energy is wasted in chaotic movementCannot apply the Poiseuille law
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