Performance of Professional Money Managers The studies of professional money
managers are more realistic and widely applicable than the analysis of insiders and specialists
because money managers typically do not have monopolistic access to important new information
but are highly trained professionals who work full time at investment management. Therefore,
if any “normal” set of investors should be able to derive above-average profits, it should be
this group. Also, if any noninsider should be able to derive inside information, professional
money managers should, because they conduct extensive management interviews.
Most studies on the performance of money managers have examined mutual funds because
performance data is readily available for them. Recently, data have become available for bank
trust departments, insurance companies, and investment advisers. The original mutual fund studies
indicated that most funds did not match the performance of a buy-and-hold policy.30 When
risk-adjusted returns were examined without considering commission costs, slightly more than
half of the money managers did better than the overall market. When commission costs, load
fees, and management costs were considered, approximately two-thirds of the mutual funds did
not match aggregate market performance. It was also found that successful funds during individual
years were inconsistent in their performance.
Now that it is possible to get performance data for pension plans and endowment funds, several
studies have documented that the performances of pension plans and endowments did not
match that of the aggregate market.
The figures in Exhibit 6.3 provide a rough demonstration of these results for recent periods.
These data are collected by Frank Russell Analytical Services as part of its performance evaluation
service. Exhibit 6.3 contains the median rates of return for several investment groups compared
to the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.31 These results show that for short-term periods
(1–2–4 years) the majority of groups beat the S&P 500, but for the long 6-year horizon only 3
of 10 outperformed. Assuming we are more concerned with long-run performance, this would
support the EMH.
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