Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010) S205–S220 S205DOI 10.3233/JAD terjemahan - Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010) S205–S220 S205DOI 10.3233/JAD Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (

Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010) S205–S220 S205
DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-091459
IOS Press
Review Article
Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease:
From Neuroprotection to the Management of
Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms
Rui D.S. Prediger∗
Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ci ˆencias Biol´ogicas, and Centro de Neuroci ˆencias Aplicadas (CeNAp),
Hospital Universit ´ario; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florian ´opolis-SC, Brazil
Accepted 23 December 2009
Abstract. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of
the population older than 60 years. Classically, PD is considered to be a motor system disease and its diagnosis is based
on the presence of a set of cardinal motor signs (rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor) that are consequence of a pronounced
death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Nowadays there is considerable evidence showing that
non-dopaminergic degeneration also occurs in other brain areas which seems to be responsible for the deficits in olfactory,
emotional and memory functions that precede the classical motor symptoms in PD. The present review attempts to examine results
reported in epidemiological, clinical and animal studies to provide a comprehensive picture of the antiparkinsonian potential
of caffeine. Convergent epidemiological and pre-clinical data suggest that caffeine may confer neuroprotection against the
underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and influence the onset and progression of PD. The available data also suggest
that caffeine can improve the motor deficits of PD and that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists such as istradefylline reduces
OFF time and dyskinesia associated with standard ‘dopamine replacement’ treatments. Finally, recent experimental findings
have indicated the potential of caffeine in the management of non-motor symptoms of PD, which do not improve with the
current dopaminergic drugs. Altogether, the studies reviewed provide strong evidence that caffeine may represent a promising
therapeutic tool in PD, thus being the first compound to restore both motor and non-motor early symptoms of PD together with
its neuroprotective potential.
Keywords: Adenosine receptors, animal models, caffeine, learning and memory, motor deficits, neuroprotection, olfactory system,
Parkinson’s disease
INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, when
James Parkinson first described the disorder that bears
his name [1], life expectation was no longer than 45
years. Nowadays, life expectancy is near 80 years, and
∗Correspondence to: Rui D.S. Prediger, PhD, Departamento de
Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus
Trindade, 88049-900, Florian´opolis, SC, Brazil. Tel.: +55 48 3721
9491; Fax: +55 48 3337 5479; E-mail: ruidsp@hotmail.com.
the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is generally
estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about
1% in people over 60 years of age [2]. Since the incidence
of the disease increases with age (the most important
risk factor), it is likely that the number of people
suffering from PD will rise steadily in the future.
Classically, PD is considered to be a motor system
disease and its diagnosis is based on the presence of
a set of cardinal motor signs (e.g., rigidity, bradykinesia,
rest tremor and postural reflex disturbance). These
symptoms of PD mainly result from the progressive de-
ISSN 1387-2877/10/$27.50  2010 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
S206 R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease
generation of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra
pars compacta (SNc),which causes a consequent reduction
of dopamine levels in the striatum [3]. Dopaminereplacement
therapy has dominated the treatment of PD
since the early 1960s and although the currently approved
antiparkinsonian agents offer effective relief of
the motor deficits, especially in the early stages of the
disease, they have not been found to alleviate the underlying
dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and drug
efficacy is gradually lost [4]. Moreover, another major
limitation of chronic dopaminergic therapy is the
numerous adverse effects such as the development of
abnormal involuntarymovements (namely dyskinesia),
psychosis and behavioral disturbance (e.g., compulsive
gambling, hypersexuality) [5].
Dopamine replacement therapy is based on the importance
of nigral dopaminergic cell loss and the ensuing
striatal dopamine depletion for the onset of motor
symptoms. However, the neurodegenerative processes
that lead to sporadic PD begin many years before the
appearance of the characteristic motor symptoms, and
additional neuronal fields and neurotransmitter systems
are also involved in PD, including the anterior olfactory
structures, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, caudal raphe
nuclei, locus coeruleus, the autonomic nervous system,
hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex [6] (Fig. 1).
Accordingly, cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic
neurons are also lost, which seems to be responsible
for the non-motor symptoms of PD encompassing
olfactory and memory impairments, sleep abnormalities,
and depression, as well as gastrointestinal disturbance,
which precede the classical motor symptoms [7].
Non-motor features of PD invariably do not respond to
dopaminergic medication and are probably the major
current challenge faced in the clinical management of
PD [7].
Therefore, the limitations of the current pharmacological
treatments of PD have led to extensive investigation
of novel non-dopaminergic drugs that may provide
alternative or adjunctive treatment for the relief of
both motor and non-motor symptoms with a reduced
profile of side-effects, as well as to the discovery of
compounds to modify the course of PD. Over the last
decade, several lines of evidence have suggested the potential
of caffeine in the treatment of PD and an increasing
number of studies have tested the potentially beneficial
effects of caffeine (and more selective adenosine
A2A receptor antagonists) in different animal models
and PD patients (Fig. 2).
Convergent epidemiological and pre-clinical data
suggest that caffeine may confer neuroprotection
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the potential spread of dysfunction
in different brain regions in Parkinson’s disease during the first three
stages, using the Braak’s staging system [6], until the substantia nigra
pars compacta is affected.
against the underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration
and can influence the onset and progression of
PD. Indeed, the available data also suggest that caffeine,
through the blockade of adenosine A2A receptors
in striatopallidal neurons, can improve the motor
deficits of PD and that A2A receptor antagonists such
as istradefylline reduce OFF time and dyskinesia associated
to standard ‘dopamine replacement’ treatments.
Finally, recent experimental findings have indicated the
potential of caffeine in the management of non-motor
symptoms (e.g., depression, olfactory and memory dysfunction)
of PD, which do not improve with the current
dopaminergic drugs. The present review attempts
to examine results reported in epidemiological, clinical
and animal studies to provide a comprehensive picture
of the antiparkinsonian potential of caffeine.
CAFFEINE AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE
STRATEGY IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Current research on PD is largely devoted to investigating
the etiology of the disease with the aim of
identifying preventive rather than merely symptomatic
treatments. Convergent epidemiologic and experimental
evidence have suggested caffeine and selective
adenosine A2A receptor antagonists as novel potential
strategies to attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration
in PD. In a 30-year follow-up study of 8,004 Japanese-
American men in the Honolulu Heart Program, Ross
and colleagues [8] reported an inverse relationship between
consumption of the non-selective adenosine antagonist
caffeine and the risk of developingPD 20 years
later. The age- and smoking-adjusted risk of PD was
five times higher among men who reported no coffee
R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease S207
A
B
C
Fig. 2. Number of publications containing the keywords “Parkinson’s disease” (PD), “caffeine”, “PD plus caffeine” and “PD plus adenosine
antagonists” found in the main databases analyzed. Panel A illustrates the total number of publications (time spam “all years”) obtained for
the queries comparing ISI Web of KnowledgeSM and SCOPUS. A time-line concerning the publications from year 2000 until October 23rd
of the year 2009 obtained from ISI Web of KnowledgeSMand SCOPUS databases are shown in panels B and C, respectively. In the ISI Web
of KnowledgeSM, data were generated using the keyword “Parkinson disease” rather than “Parkinson’s disease”, which caused a syntax error
because of the apostrophe in this database; This did not occur with SCOPUS.
S208 R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease
consumption compared with men who reported a daily
consumption of 28 oz or more of coffee [8]. This
finding was subsequently reinforced by further large
prospective studies, which observed a similar inverse
relationship between the consumption of caffeinated
(but not decaffeinated) coffee and the risk of developing
PD. These included the Health Professionals’
Follow-Up Study and the Nurses’ Health Study, involving
47,351 men and 88,565 women [9], and the
Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, involving
19,518 men and women [10]. Men with consumption
of tea and other caffeinated beverages had
reduced risk of PD compared with men who were not
regular caffeine drinkers (< 1 cup/day), whereas no
association was found with the consumption of decaffeinated
coffee [8]. Interestingly, a 50% reduction of
the risk of developing PD was observed among men
with consumption of as low as one cup of caffeine per
day when compared with men consuming n
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 (2010) S205–S220 S205
DOI 10.3233/JAD-2010-091459
IOS Press
Review Article
Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease:
From Neuroprotection to the Management of
Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms
Rui D.S. Prediger∗
Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ci ˆencias Biol´ogicas, and Centro de Neuroci ˆencias Aplicadas (CeNAp),
Hospital Universit ´ario; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florian ´opolis-SC, Brazil
Accepted 23 December 2009
Abstract. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting approximately 1% of
the population older than 60 years. Classically, PD is considered to be a motor system disease and its diagnosis is based
on the presence of a set of cardinal motor signs (rigidity, bradykinesia, rest tremor) that are consequence of a pronounced
death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Nowadays there is considerable evidence showing that
non-dopaminergic degeneration also occurs in other brain areas which seems to be responsible for the deficits in olfactory,
emotional and memory functions that precede the classical motor symptoms in PD. The present review attempts to examine results
reported in epidemiological, clinical and animal studies to provide a comprehensive picture of the antiparkinsonian potential
of caffeine. Convergent epidemiological and pre-clinical data suggest that caffeine may confer neuroprotection against the
underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and influence the onset and progression of PD. The available data also suggest
that caffeine can improve the motor deficits of PD and that adenosine A2A receptor antagonists such as istradefylline reduces
OFF time and dyskinesia associated with standard ‘dopamine replacement’ treatments. Finally, recent experimental findings
have indicated the potential of caffeine in the management of non-motor symptoms of PD, which do not improve with the
current dopaminergic drugs. Altogether, the studies reviewed provide strong evidence that caffeine may represent a promising
therapeutic tool in PD, thus being the first compound to restore both motor and non-motor early symptoms of PD together with
its neuroprotective potential.
Keywords: Adenosine receptors, animal models, caffeine, learning and memory, motor deficits, neuroprotection, olfactory system,
Parkinson’s disease
INTRODUCTION
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, when
James Parkinson first described the disorder that bears
his name [1], life expectation was no longer than 45
years. Nowadays, life expectancy is near 80 years, and
∗Correspondence to: Rui D.S. Prediger, PhD, Departamento de
Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus
Trindade, 88049-900, Florian´opolis, SC, Brazil. Tel.: +55 48 3721
9491; Fax: +55 48 3337 5479; E-mail: ruidsp@hotmail.com.
the prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is generally
estimated at 0.3% of the entire population and about
1% in people over 60 years of age [2]. Since the incidence
of the disease increases with age (the most important
risk factor), it is likely that the number of people
suffering from PD will rise steadily in the future.
Classically, PD is considered to be a motor system
disease and its diagnosis is based on the presence of
a set of cardinal motor signs (e.g., rigidity, bradykinesia,
rest tremor and postural reflex disturbance). These
symptoms of PD mainly result from the progressive de-
ISSN 1387-2877/10/$27.50  2010 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved
S206 R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease
generation of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra
pars compacta (SNc),which causes a consequent reduction
of dopamine levels in the striatum [3]. Dopaminereplacement
therapy has dominated the treatment of PD
since the early 1960s and although the currently approved
antiparkinsonian agents offer effective relief of
the motor deficits, especially in the early stages of the
disease, they have not been found to alleviate the underlying
dopaminergic neuron degeneration, and drug
efficacy is gradually lost [4]. Moreover, another major
limitation of chronic dopaminergic therapy is the
numerous adverse effects such as the development of
abnormal involuntarymovements (namely dyskinesia),
psychosis and behavioral disturbance (e.g., compulsive
gambling, hypersexuality) [5].
Dopamine replacement therapy is based on the importance
of nigral dopaminergic cell loss and the ensuing
striatal dopamine depletion for the onset of motor
symptoms. However, the neurodegenerative processes
that lead to sporadic PD begin many years before the
appearance of the characteristic motor symptoms, and
additional neuronal fields and neurotransmitter systems
are also involved in PD, including the anterior olfactory
structures, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus, caudal raphe
nuclei, locus coeruleus, the autonomic nervous system,
hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex [6] (Fig. 1).
Accordingly, cholinergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic
neurons are also lost, which seems to be responsible
for the non-motor symptoms of PD encompassing
olfactory and memory impairments, sleep abnormalities,
and depression, as well as gastrointestinal disturbance,
which precede the classical motor symptoms [7].
Non-motor features of PD invariably do not respond to
dopaminergic medication and are probably the major
current challenge faced in the clinical management of
PD [7].
Therefore, the limitations of the current pharmacological
treatments of PD have led to extensive investigation
of novel non-dopaminergic drugs that may provide
alternative or adjunctive treatment for the relief of
both motor and non-motor symptoms with a reduced
profile of side-effects, as well as to the discovery of
compounds to modify the course of PD. Over the last
decade, several lines of evidence have suggested the potential
of caffeine in the treatment of PD and an increasing
number of studies have tested the potentially beneficial
effects of caffeine (and more selective adenosine
A2A receptor antagonists) in different animal models
and PD patients (Fig. 2).
Convergent epidemiological and pre-clinical data
suggest that caffeine may confer neuroprotection
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the potential spread of dysfunction
in different brain regions in Parkinson’s disease during the first three
stages, using the Braak’s staging system [6], until the substantia nigra
pars compacta is affected.
against the underlying dopaminergic neuron degeneration
and can influence the onset and progression of
PD. Indeed, the available data also suggest that caffeine,
through the blockade of adenosine A2A receptors
in striatopallidal neurons, can improve the motor
deficits of PD and that A2A receptor antagonists such
as istradefylline reduce OFF time and dyskinesia associated
to standard ‘dopamine replacement’ treatments.
Finally, recent experimental findings have indicated the
potential of caffeine in the management of non-motor
symptoms (e.g., depression, olfactory and memory dysfunction)
of PD, which do not improve with the current
dopaminergic drugs. The present review attempts
to examine results reported in epidemiological, clinical
and animal studies to provide a comprehensive picture
of the antiparkinsonian potential of caffeine.
CAFFEINE AS A NEUROPROTECTIVE
STRATEGY IN PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Current research on PD is largely devoted to investigating
the etiology of the disease with the aim of
identifying preventive rather than merely symptomatic
treatments. Convergent epidemiologic and experimental
evidence have suggested caffeine and selective
adenosine A2A receptor antagonists as novel potential
strategies to attenuate dopaminergic neurodegeneration
in PD. In a 30-year follow-up study of 8,004 Japanese-
American men in the Honolulu Heart Program, Ross
and colleagues [8] reported an inverse relationship between
consumption of the non-selective adenosine antagonist
caffeine and the risk of developingPD 20 years
later. The age- and smoking-adjusted risk of PD was
five times higher among men who reported no coffee
R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease S207
A
B
C
Fig. 2. Number of publications containing the keywords “Parkinson’s disease” (PD), “caffeine”, “PD plus caffeine” and “PD plus adenosine
antagonists” found in the main databases analyzed. Panel A illustrates the total number of publications (time spam “all years”) obtained for
the queries comparing ISI Web of KnowledgeSM and SCOPUS. A time-line concerning the publications from year 2000 until October 23rd
of the year 2009 obtained from ISI Web of KnowledgeSMand SCOPUS databases are shown in panels B and C, respectively. In the ISI Web
of KnowledgeSM, data were generated using the keyword “Parkinson disease” rather than “Parkinson’s disease”, which caused a syntax error
because of the apostrophe in this database; This did not occur with SCOPUS.
S208 R.D.S. Prediger / Effects of Caffeine in Parkinson’s Disease
consumption compared with men who reported a daily
consumption of 28 oz or more of coffee [8]. This
finding was subsequently reinforced by further large
prospective studies, which observed a similar inverse
relationship between the consumption of caffeinated
(but not decaffeinated) coffee and the risk of developing
PD. These included the Health Professionals’
Follow-Up Study and the Nurses’ Health Study, involving
47,351 men and 88,565 women [9], and the
Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey, involving
19,518 men and women [10]. Men with consumption
of tea and other caffeinated beverages had
reduced risk of PD compared with men who were not
regular caffeine drinkers (< 1 cup/day), whereas no
association was found with the consumption of decaffeinated
coffee [8]. Interestingly, a 50% reduction of
the risk of developing PD was observed among men
with consumption of as low as one cup of caffeine per
day when compared with men consuming n
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Journal of Alzheimer Disease 20 (2010) S205-S220 S205
DOI 10,3233 / JAD-2010-091459
IOS Tekan
Review Pasal
Pengaruh Kafein di Penyakit Parkinson:
Dari pelindung saraf kepada Manajemen
motor dan Non-Motor Gejala
Rui DS Prediger *
Departamento de Farmacologia , Centro de Ci encias Biol'ogicas, dan Centro de Neuroci encias Aplicadas (Cenap),
Rumah Sakit Universit'ario; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Florian'opolis-SC, Brasil
Diterima 23 Desember 2009
Abstrak. Penyakit Parkinson (PD) adalah gangguan neurodegeneratif yang paling umum kedua yang mempengaruhi sekitar 1% dari
populasi yang lebih tua dari 60 tahun. Klasik, PD dianggap penyakit sistem motorik dan diagnosis yang didasarkan
pada keberadaan satu set tanda kardinal bermotor (kekakuan, bradikinesia, tremor istirahat) yang konsekuensi dari diucapkan
kematian neuron dopaminergik di substansia nigra pars compacta . Saat ini ada bukti yang cukup yang menunjukkan bahwa
degenerasi non-dopaminergik juga terjadi di daerah otak lain yang tampaknya bertanggung jawab atas defisit di penciuman,
fungsi emosional dan memori yang mendahului gejala motorik klasik di PD. Tinjauan ini mencoba untuk menguji hasil
yang dilaporkan dalam epidemiologi, studi klinis dan hewan untuk memberikan gambaran yang komprehensif tentang potensi antiparkinson
kafein. Data epidemiologis dan pra-klinis konvergen menunjukkan bahwa kafein dapat memberi pelindung saraf terhadap
mendasari degenerasi neuron dopaminergik, dan mempengaruhi onset dan perkembangan PD. Data yang tersedia juga menunjukkan
bahwa kafein dapat meningkatkan defisit motor PD dan antagonis reseptor adenosin A2A seperti istradefylline mengurangi
OFF waktu dan dyskinesia terkait dengan standar 'pengganti dopamin' perawatan. Akhirnya, temuan eksperimental baru-baru ini
telah menunjukkan potensi kafein dalam pengelolaan gejala non-motor PD, yang tidak membaik dengan
obat dopaminergik saat ini. Secara keseluruhan, studi ditinjau memberikan bukti kuat bahwa kafein mungkin merupakan yang menjanjikan
alat terapi di PD, sehingga menjadi senyawa pertama untuk memulihkan motorik dan non-motorik awal gejala PD bersama-sama dengan
potensi saraf-nya.
Kata kunci: reseptor Adenosin, model binatang, kafein, pembelajaran dan memori, defisit motor, pelindung saraf, sistem penciuman,
penyakit Parkinson
PENDAHULUAN
Pada awal abad kesembilan belas, ketika
James Parkinson pertama kali menggambarkan gangguan yang menyandang
namanya [1], harapan hidup adalah tidak lebih dari 45
tahun. Saat ini, harapan hidup dekat 80 tahun, dan
* Korespondensi ke: Rui DS Prediger, PhD, Departamento de
Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Kampus
Trindade, 88049-900, Florian'opolis, SC, Brasil. Tel .: +55 48 3721
9491; Fax: +55 48 3337 5479; E-mail:. Ruidsp@hotmail.com
prevalensi penyakit Parkinson (PD) umumnya
diperkirakan 0,3% dari seluruh penduduk dan sekitar
1% pada orang di atas 60 tahun [2]. Sejak kejadian
penyakit tersebut meningkat dengan usia (yang paling penting
faktor risiko), ada kemungkinan bahwa jumlah orang
yang menderita PD akan meningkat terus di masa depan.
Secara klasik, PD dianggap sistem motorik
penyakit dan diagnosis adalah berdasarkan adanya
satu set tanda-tanda motorik kardinal (misalnya, kekakuan, bradikinesia,
tremor istirahat dan gangguan refleks postural). Ini
gejala PD terutama hasil dari progresif de-
ISSN 1387-2877 / 10 / $ 27,50  2010 - IOS Tekan dan penulis. Semua hak dilindungi
S206 RDS Prediger / Efek Kafein dalam Penyakit Parkinson
generasi neuron dopamin dari substantia nigra
pars compacta (SNC), yang menyebabkan penurunan akibat
dari kadar dopamin di striatum [3]. Dopaminereplacement
terapi telah mendominasi pengobatan PD
sejak awal 1960-an dan meskipun saat ini disetujui
agen antiparkinson menawarkan bantuan yang efektif dari
defisit motorik, terutama pada tahap awal
penyakit, mereka belum ditemukan untuk meringankan mendasari
dopaminergik neuron degenerasi, dan obat
khasiat secara bertahap hilang [4]. Selain itu, besar lain
keterbatasan terapi dopaminergik kronis adalah
berbagai efek samping seperti pengembangan
involuntarymovements normal (yaitu dyskinesia),
psikosis dan gangguan perilaku (misalnya, kompulsif
perjudian, hypersexuality) [5].
terapi penggantian Dopamin didasarkan pada pentingnya
hilangnya sel dopaminergik dari nigral dan berikutnya
deplesi dopamin striatal untuk timbulnya motor
gejala. Namun, proses neurodegenerative
yang mengarah pada PD sporadis mulai bertahun-tahun sebelum
munculnya gejala karakteristik motor, dan
bidang saraf tambahan dan sistem neurotransmitter
juga terlibat dalam PD, termasuk penciuman anterior
struktur, dorsal bermotor inti vagus, raphe ekor
inti , locus coeruleus, sistem saraf otonom,
hippocampus, dan korteks serebral [6] (Gbr. 1).
Oleh karena itu, kolinergik, adrenergik, dan serotoninergic
neuron juga hilang, yang tampaknya bertanggung jawab
untuk gejala non-motor PD meliputi
penciuman dan memori gangguan, kelainan tidur,
dan depresi, serta gangguan pencernaan,
yang mendahului gejala motorik klasik [7].
fitur Non-motor PD selalu tidak menanggapi
obat dopaminergik dan mungkin yang utama
tantangan saat ini yang dihadapi dalam manajemen klinis
PD [7].
Oleh karena itu, keterbatasan farmakologi saat
perawatan PD telah menyebabkan penyelidikan ekstensif
obat non-dopaminergik baru yang dapat memberikan
pengobatan alternatif atau tambahan untuk menghilangkan
motorik dan non-motorik gejala dengan berkurang
profil efek samping, serta penemuan
senyawa untuk memodifikasi program PD. Selama terakhir
dekade, beberapa bukti telah menyarankan potensi
kafein dalam pengobatan PD dan peningkatan
jumlah penelitian telah menguji berpotensi menguntungkan
efek kafein (dan adenosin lebih selektif
antagonis reseptor A2A) pada model hewan yang berbeda
dan pasien PD (Gbr. 2).
Data epidemiologis dan pra-klinis Konvergen
menunjukkan bahwa kafein dapat memberi pelindung saraf
Gambar. 1. Skema ilustrasi potensi penyebaran disfungsi
di daerah otak yang berbeda pada penyakit Parkinson selama tiga pertama
tahap, menggunakan sistem pementasan Braak itu [6], sampai nigra substantia
pars compacta dipengaruhi.
melawan mendasari degenerasi dopaminergik neuron
dan dapat mempengaruhi onset dan perkembangan
PD. Memang, data yang tersedia juga menunjukkan bahwa kafein,
melalui blokade reseptor adenosine A2A
dalam neuron striatopallidal, dapat meningkatkan motor
defisit PD dan antagonis reseptor A2A seperti
sebagai istradefylline mengurangi OFF waktu dan dyskinesia terkait
dengan standar 'pengganti dopamin' perawatan.
Akhirnya, temuan eksperimental baru-baru ini telah menunjukkan
potensi kafein dalam pengelolaan non-motor
gejala (misalnya, depresi, penciuman dan disfungsi memori)
dari PD, yang tidak membaik dengan saat ini
obat dopaminergik. Tinjauan ini mencoba
untuk menguji hasil yang dilaporkan dalam epidemiologi, klinis
penelitian dan hewan untuk memberikan gambaran yang komprehensif
tentang potensi antiparkinson kafein.
KAFEIN SEBAGAI saraf
STRATEGI PARKINSON'S PENYAKIT
Saat ini penelitian tentang PD sebagian besar ditujukan untuk menyelidiki
etiologi penyakit dengan tujuan
mengidentifikasi pencegahan bukan hanya gejala
perawatan. Convergent epidemiologi dan eksperimental
bukti telah menyarankan kafein dan selektif
antagonis reseptor adenosin A2A potensial baru
strategi untuk melemahkan dopaminergik neurodegeneration
di PD. Dalam sebuah studi tindak lanjut 30 tahun 8004 Jepang-
orang Amerika di Honolulu Jantung Program, Ross
dan rekan [8] melaporkan hubungan terbalik antara
konsumsi non-selektif adenosin antagonis
kafein dan risiko developingPD 20 tahun
kemudian. Risiko usia dan disesuaikan merokok PD adalah
lima kali lebih tinggi di antara pria yang melaporkan tidak ada kopi
R.DS Prediger / Efek Kafein dalam Penyakit Parkinson S207
A
B
C
Gambar. 2. Jumlah publikasi yang mengandung kata kunci "penyakit Parkinson" (PD), "kafein", "PD ditambah kafein" dan "PD ditambah adenosin
antagonis "ditemukan dalam database utama dianalisis. Panel A menggambarkan jumlah publikasi (waktu spam "bertahun-tahun") yang diperoleh untuk
query membandingkan ISI Web of KnowledgeSM dan SCOPUS. Waktu-line mengenai publikasi dari tahun 2000 sampai 23 Oktober
tahun 2009 yang diperoleh dari ISI Web of database KnowledgeSMand SCOPUS ditampilkan dalam panel B dan C masing-masing. Dalam ISI Web
of KnowledgeSM, data yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan kata kunci "penyakit Parkinson" daripada "penyakit Parkinson", yang menyebabkan kesalahan sintaks
karena apostrof dalam database ini; Hal ini tidak terjadi dengan SCOPUS.
S208 RDS Prediger / Efek Kafein dalam Penyakit Parkinson
konsumsi dibandingkan dengan laki-laki yang melaporkan harian
konsumsi 28 oz atau lebih kopi [8]. Ini
Temuan ini kemudian diperkuat oleh lebih besar
studi prospektif, yang mengamati terbalik sama
hubungan antara konsumsi kafein
(tetapi tidak tanpa kafein) kopi dan risiko mengembangkan
PD. Ini termasuk Health Professionals '
Follow-Up Study dan Nurses 'Health Study, yang melibatkan
47.351 pria dan 88.565 wanita [9], dan
Mobile Finlandia Klinik Kesehatan Examination Survey, yang melibatkan
19.518 pria dan wanita [10]. Pria dengan konsumsi
teh dan minuman berkafein lainnya telah
mengurangi risiko PD dibandingkan dengan laki-laki yang tidak
biasa peminum kafein (<1 cangkir / hari), sedangkan tidak ada
hubungan yang ditemukan dengan konsumsi tanpa kafein
kopi [8]. Menariknya, penurunan 50% dari
risiko pengembangan PD diamati antara laki-laki
dengan konsumsi serendah satu cangkir kafein per
hari bila dibandingkan dengan laki-laki mengkonsumsi n
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
 
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