Long runIf typical firms are earning supernormal profit, new firms wil terjemahan - Long runIf typical firms are earning supernormal profit, new firms wil Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Long runIf typical firms are earnin

Long run
If typical firms are earning supernormal profit, new firms will enter the industry in the long run. As new firms enter, they will take some of the customers away from the established firms. The demand for th established firms’ product will therefore fall. Their demand (AR) curve will shift to the left, and will continue doing so as long as supernormal profits remain and thus new firms continue entering.
Long-run equlibrium will be reached when only normal profits remain: when there is no further incentive for new firms to enter. This is illustrated in figure 7.1 (b). The firm’s demand curve settles at D1, where it just touches the firm’s LRAC curve. Output will be Q1: where AR1 = LRAC. (At any other output, LRAC is greater than AR and thus less than normal profi would be made.)
Non-price competition
One of the biggest problems with the simple model in figure 7.1 is that it concentrates on price and output decisions. In practice, the profit-maximising firm under monopolistic competition will also need to decide the exact variety of product to produce and how much to spend on advertising it. This will lead the firm to take part in non-price competition.
Non-price competition involves two main elements: product development and advertising.
The main aims of product development are to produce a product that will sell well (i.e. one in high or ptentially high demand) and one that is different from rivals’ products (i.e. has an inelastic demand due to lack of close substitutes). For shops or other firms providing a service, ‘product development’ takes the form of attempting to provide a service which is better than, or at least different from, that of rivals: personal service, late opening, certain lines stocked and so on.
The main aim of advertising is to sell the product. This can be achieved not only by informing the consumer of the product’s existnece and availability, but also by trying to persaude people to purchase the good. Like product development, successful advertising will both increase demand and also make the firm’s demand curve less elastic, since it stresses the specific qualities of this firm’s product over its rivals’ (see box 3.3).
Product development and advertising not only increase a firm’s demand and hence revenue , but also involve increased costs. So how much should a firm advertise, say to maximise profits?
For any given price and product, the optimal amount of advertising is where the revenue from additional advertising (MRA) is equal to its cost (MCA). As long as MRA > MCA, additional advertising will add to profit. But extra amounts spent on advertising are likely to lead to smaller and smaller increases in sales. Thus MRA falls, until MRA = MCA. At that point no futher profit can be made. It is at a maximum.
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Long runIf typical firms are earning supernormal profit, new firms will enter the industry in the long run. As new firms enter, they will take some of the customers away from the established firms. The demand for th established firms’ product will therefore fall. Their demand (AR) curve will shift to the left, and will continue doing so as long as supernormal profits remain and thus new firms continue entering. Long-run equlibrium will be reached when only normal profits remain: when there is no further incentive for new firms to enter. This is illustrated in figure 7.1 (b). The firm’s demand curve settles at D1, where it just touches the firm’s LRAC curve. Output will be Q1: where AR1 = LRAC. (At any other output, LRAC is greater than AR and thus less than normal profi would be made.)Non-price competitionOne of the biggest problems with the simple model in figure 7.1 is that it concentrates on price and output decisions. In practice, the profit-maximising firm under monopolistic competition will also need to decide the exact variety of product to produce and how much to spend on advertising it. This will lead the firm to take part in non-price competition. Non-price competition involves two main elements: product development and advertising. The main aims of product development are to produce a product that will sell well (i.e. one in high or ptentially high demand) and one that is different from rivals’ products (i.e. has an inelastic demand due to lack of close substitutes). For shops or other firms providing a service, ‘product development’ takes the form of attempting to provide a service which is better than, or at least different from, that of rivals: personal service, late opening, certain lines stocked and so on. The main aim of advertising is to sell the product. This can be achieved not only by informing the consumer of the product’s existnece and availability, but also by trying to persaude people to purchase the good. Like product development, successful advertising will both increase demand and also make the firm’s demand curve less elastic, since it stresses the specific qualities of this firm’s product over its rivals’ (see box 3.3).
Product development and advertising not only increase a firm’s demand and hence revenue , but also involve increased costs. So how much should a firm advertise, say to maximise profits?
For any given price and product, the optimal amount of advertising is where the revenue from additional advertising (MRA) is equal to its cost (MCA). As long as MRA > MCA, additional advertising will add to profit. But extra amounts spent on advertising are likely to lead to smaller and smaller increases in sales. Thus MRA falls, until MRA = MCA. At that point no futher profit can be made. It is at a maximum.
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Panjang run
Jika perusahaan khas mendapatkan keuntungan supernormal, perusahaan baru akan memasuki industri dalam jangka panjang. Sebagai perusahaan baru masuk, mereka akan mengambil beberapa pelanggan dari perusahaan mapan. Permintaan untuk produk perusahaan th didirikan 'karena itu akan jatuh. Permintaan mereka (AR) kurva akan bergeser ke kiri, dan akan terus melakukannya selama keuntungan supernormal tetap dan dengan demikian perusahaan baru terus memasuki.
Panjang-run equlibrium akan tercapai bila hanya keuntungan yang normal tetap: ketika tidak ada insentif lebih lanjut untuk perusahaan baru untuk masuk. Hal ini digambarkan pada gambar 7.1 (b). Kurva permintaan perusahaan mengendap di D1, di mana ia hanya menyentuh LRAC kurva perusahaan. Output akan Q1: mana AR1 = LRAC. (Pada setiap output lainnya, LRAC lebih besar dari AR dan dengan demikian kurang dari profi normal akan dibuat.)
Kompetisi Non-harga
Salah satu masalah terbesar dengan model sederhana pada gambar 7.1 adalah bahwa hal itu berkonsentrasi pada harga dan output keputusan. Dalam prakteknya, perusahaan memaksimalkan laba di bawah persaingan monopolistik juga akan perlu memutuskan berbagai tepat dari produk untuk memproduksi dan berapa banyak untuk dibelanjakan pada iklan itu. Hal ini akan menyebabkan perusahaan untuk mengambil bagian dalam kompetisi non-harga.
Kompetisi Non-harga melibatkan dua unsur utama:. Pengembangan produk dan iklan
Tujuan utama dari pengembangan produk yang menghasilkan produk yang akan menjual dengan baik (yaitu satu di tinggi atau ptentially permintaan tinggi) dan salah satu yang berbeda dari produk saingan '(yaitu memiliki permintaan inelastis karena kurangnya pengganti dekat). Untuk toko atau perusahaan lain yang menyediakan layanan, 'pengembangan produk' mengambil bentuk mencoba untuk memberikan pelayanan yang lebih baik dari, atau setidaknya berbeda dari, bahwa saingan: layanan pribadi, akhir pembukaan, garis tertentu ditebar dan sebagainya.
Tujuan utama dari iklan adalah untuk menjual produk. Hal ini dapat dicapai tidak hanya dengan menginformasikan konsumen dari existnece produk dan ketersediaan, tetapi juga dengan mencoba persaude orang untuk membeli baik. Seperti pengembangan produk, iklan yang berhasil akan baik meningkatkan permintaan dan juga membuat kurva permintaan perusahaan kurang elastis, karena menekankan sifat-sifat khusus dari produk ini perusahaan dari para pesaingnya '(lihat kotak 3.3).
Pengembangan produk dan iklan tidak hanya meningkatkan permintaan perusahaan dan karenanya pendapatan, tetapi juga melibatkan peningkatan biaya. Jadi berapa banyak yang harus sebuah perusahaan beriklan, mengatakan untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan?
Untuk setiap harga tertentu dan produk, jumlah optimal iklan adalah dimana pendapatan dari iklan tambahan (MRA) sama dengan biaya (MCA). Selama MRA> MCA, iklan tambahan akan menambah keuntungan. Tapi jumlah ekstra yang dihabiskan untuk iklan cenderung menyebabkan kenaikan yang lebih kecil dan lebih kecil dalam penjualan. Jadi MRA jatuh, sampai MRA = MCA. Pada saat itu tidak ada keuntungan lanjut dapat dibuat. Hal ini di maksimum.
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