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Another limitation of this study had to do with the measurement of CWB. As an improvement upon prior work on CWB measurement, we established a reflective-formative HCM of CWB and examined this measurement model and the hypothesized relationships simultaneously. However, there were alternative measurement models of CWB. To check the robustness of the test results for Hypothesis 1, we ran PLS-SEM with different measurement models of CWB, all other things being equal. Specifically, we examined three alternative measurement models of CWB: (1) a first-order formative model; (2) a formative–formative HCM with the LOCs from CWB-O and CWB-P as its LOCs and the manifest indicators as the formative indicators of these LOCs; and(3)areflective-formativeHCMwithCWB-OandCWBP as its LOCs and the latent variable scores for CWB-O and CWB-P in their respective models as their reflective indicators. The results showed that Hypothesis 1 held across these measurement models of CWB. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were also retested with alternative CWB-O and CWB-P measurement models, all other things being equal. Specifically, CWB-O and CWB-P were measured with two types of alternative models: (1) firstorder formative models; and (2) formative–formative HCMs with their respective dimensions as the LOCs and the manifest indicators as the formative indicators of the LOCs. The results rejected Hypothesis 2 but supported Hypothesis 3, consistent with what we had found
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