practices that prevented U.S. exporters from securing what they consid terjemahan - practices that prevented U.S. exporters from securing what they consid Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

practices that prevented U.S. expor

practices that prevented U.S. exporters from securing what they considered to be a fair share of
the Japanese market.
More and more, however, U.S. trade policy is becoming dominated by a third track—bilateral and
regional negotiations to establish FTAs. The United States completed its first FTA with Israel in
1985 under President Reagan. It completed its second with Canada in 1989 under President Bush,
whose Administration was involved in the process of expanding it to Mexico, a process that was
completed by the Clinton Administration in 1993. However, even after the completion of
NAFTA, it was still unclear whether bilateral and regional FTAs had become a fixture in U.S.
foreign trade policymaking or anomalies to cement already strong economic relationships.
By 1994 it seemed apparent that FTAs were indeed becoming a fixture when the United States,
under the Clinton Administration, led a group of trade ministers from 33 other Western
Hemispheric countries in agreeing to work toward establishing a Free Trade Area of the Americas
(FTAA) by 2005. In the same year, political leaders from the United States and other member-
countries of the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum signed a declaration in
Bogor, Indonesia, to work toward free trade and investment in the region by 2010 for developed
countries and by 2020 for all member-countries. Both of those efforts have flagged.
The pursuit of FTAs continued when, on June 6, 2000, President Clinton and Jordanian King
Abdullah announced that their two countries would begin negotiations on establishing a free trade
area. An agreement was quickly reached and was signed on October 24, 2001. Similarly,
President Clinton and Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong announced, somewhat
unexpectedly, on November 16, 2000, that their two nations would launch negotiations to
complete a free trade agreement. And on December 6, 2000, the United States and Chile started
negotiations to establish an FTA. Chile had long been mentioned as a potential addition to
NAFTA or as a partner in a stand-alone FTA.
In the meantime, many countries, including the other major trading powers, were actively
negotiating free trade agreements. The WTO has reported that more than 200 FTAs are in force.
For example, Canada formed an FTA with Chile, as did Mexico. The EU has formed FTAs with a
number of countries. Japan, which had shunned the use of FTAs, formed an FTA with Singapore
and is exploring the possibility of forming an FTA with Korea, although those negotiations have
been suspended.
The Bush Administration had affirmed the strategy of pursuing U.S. trade policy goals through
the multilateral trade system but gave strong emphasis to building bilateral and regional trade ties
through free trade agreements through a policy called a competition in liberalization.
The Bush Administration continued negotiations that the Clinton Administration initiated. At the
end of 2002, the Bush Administration completed FTA negotiations with Chile and Singapore first
begun by the Clinton Administration in 2000. The FTAs with Chile and Singapore entered into
force on January 1, 2004.
Perhaps encouraged by the passage and enactment of legislation granting the President trade
promotion authority (TPA), as contained in the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210—signed into law
on August 6, 2002), the Bush Administration moved ahead with a trade agenda that contained an
unprecedented number of FTAs. In 2004, agreements with Australia and Morocco were signed,
approved by Congress. The agreement with Australia entered into force on January 1, 2005, and
the one with Morocco on January 1, 2006. An agreement with Central American countries and
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practices that prevented U.S. exporters from securing what they considered to be a fair share of the Japanese market. More and more, however, U.S. trade policy is becoming dominated by a third track—bilateral and regional negotiations to establish FTAs. The United States completed its first FTA with Israel in 1985 under President Reagan. It completed its second with Canada in 1989 under President Bush, whose Administration was involved in the process of expanding it to Mexico, a process that was completed by the Clinton Administration in 1993. However, even after the completion of NAFTA, it was still unclear whether bilateral and regional FTAs had become a fixture in U.S. foreign trade policymaking or anomalies to cement already strong economic relationships. By 1994 it seemed apparent that FTAs were indeed becoming a fixture when the United States, under the Clinton Administration, led a group of trade ministers from 33 other Western Hemispheric countries in agreeing to work toward establishing a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) by 2005. In the same year, political leaders from the United States and other member-countries of the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum signed a declaration in Bogor, Indonesia, to work toward free trade and investment in the region by 2010 for developed countries and by 2020 for all member-countries. Both of those efforts have flagged. The pursuit of FTAs continued when, on June 6, 2000, President Clinton and Jordanian King Abdullah announced that their two countries would begin negotiations on establishing a free trade area. An agreement was quickly reached and was signed on October 24, 2001. Similarly, President Clinton and Singapore Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong announced, somewhat unexpectedly, on November 16, 2000, that their two nations would launch negotiations to complete a free trade agreement. And on December 6, 2000, the United States and Chile started negotiations to establish an FTA. Chile had long been mentioned as a potential addition to NAFTA or as a partner in a stand-alone FTA. In the meantime, many countries, including the other major trading powers, were actively negotiating free trade agreements. The WTO has reported that more than 200 FTAs are in force. For example, Canada formed an FTA with Chile, as did Mexico. The EU has formed FTAs with a number of countries. Japan, which had shunned the use of FTAs, formed an FTA with Singapore and is exploring the possibility of forming an FTA with Korea, although those negotiations have been suspended. The Bush Administration had affirmed the strategy of pursuing U.S. trade policy goals through the multilateral trade system but gave strong emphasis to building bilateral and regional trade ties through free trade agreements through a policy called a competition in liberalization.The Bush Administration continued negotiations that the Clinton Administration initiated. At the end of 2002, the Bush Administration completed FTA negotiations with Chile and Singapore first begun by the Clinton Administration in 2000. The FTAs with Chile and Singapore entered into force on January 1, 2004. Perhaps encouraged by the passage and enactment of legislation granting the President trade promotion authority (TPA), as contained in the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210—signed into law on August 6, 2002), the Bush Administration moved ahead with a trade agenda that contained an unprecedented number of FTAs. In 2004, agreements with Australia and Morocco were signed, approved by Congress. The agreement with Australia entered into force on January 1, 2005, and the one with Morocco on January 1, 2006. An agreement with Central American countries and
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praktek yang mencegah US eksportir dari mengamankan apa yang mereka dianggap sebagai bagian yang adil dari
pasar Jepang.
Semakin banyak, bagaimanapun, kebijakan perdagangan AS menjadi didominasi oleh lagu-bilateral dan ketiga
negosiasi regional untuk membangun FTA. Amerika Serikat menyelesaikan FTA pertama dengan Israel di
1985 di bawah Presiden Reagan. Ini menyelesaikan kedua dengan Kanada pada tahun 1989 di bawah Presiden Bush,
yang Administrasi terlibat dalam proses mengembangkannya ke Meksiko, proses yang
diselesaikan oleh pemerintahan Clinton pada tahun 1993. Namun, bahkan setelah selesainya
NAFTA, itu masih belum jelas apakah FTA bilateral dan regional telah menjadi perlengkapan di AS
kebijakan perdagangan luar negeri atau anomali untuk mempererat hubungan ekonomi sudah kuat.
Pada tahun 1994 tampaknya jelas bahwa FTA memang menjadi fixture ketika Amerika Serikat,
di bawah pemerintahan Clinton, memimpin sekelompok perdagangan menteri dari 33 Barat lainnya
negara Hemispheric dalam menyetujui untuk bekerja menuju pembentukan Kawasan Perdagangan Bebas Amerika
(FTAA) pada tahun 2005. Pada tahun yang sama, pemimpin politik dari Amerika Serikat dan anggota-lain
negara Kerjasama Asia-Pacific Economic ( APEC) menandatangani sebuah deklarasi di
Bogor, Indonesia, untuk bekerja ke arah perdagangan bebas dan investasi di daerah tahun 2010 untuk maju
negara dan pada tahun 2020 untuk semua negara-negara anggota. Kedua upaya tersebut telah ditandai.
Mengejar FTA berlanjut ketika, pada tanggal 6 Juni 2000, Presiden Clinton dan Raja Yordania
Abdullah mengumumkan bahwa kedua negara mereka akan memulai negosiasi membangun perdagangan bebas
kawasan. Sebuah kesepakatan cepat mencapai dan ditandatangani pada tanggal 24 Oktober 2001. Demikian pula,
Presiden Clinton dan Perdana Menteri Singapura Goh Chok Tong mengumumkan, agak
tak terduga, pada tanggal 16 November 2000, bahwa dua bangsa mereka akan meluncurkan negosiasi untuk
menyelesaikan perjanjian perdagangan bebas. Dan pada tanggal 6 Desember 2000, Amerika Serikat dan Chile mulai
negosiasi untuk membentuk FTA. Chili telah lama disebut-sebut sebagai tambahan potensi untuk
NAFTA atau sebagai mitra dalam berdiri sendiri FTA.
Sementara itu, banyak negara, termasuk yang lain kekuatan perdagangan utama, secara aktif
melakukan negosiasi perjanjian perdagangan bebas. WTO telah melaporkan bahwa lebih dari 200 FTA yang berlaku.
Misalnya, Kanada membentuk FTA dengan Chile, seperti yang dilakukan Meksiko. Uni Eropa telah membentuk FTA dengan
sejumlah negara. Jepang, yang telah dijauhi penggunaan FTA, membentuk FTA dengan Singapura
dan sedang menjajaki kemungkinan membentuk FTA dengan Korea, meskipun negosiasi yang telah
ditangguhkan.
Pemerintahan Bush telah menegaskan strategi mengejar perdagangan AS tujuan kebijakan melalui
multilateral sistem perdagangan tetapi memberi penekanan yang kuat untuk membangun hubungan perdagangan bilateral dan regional
melalui perjanjian perdagangan bebas melalui kebijakan yang disebut persaingan di liberalisasi.
Pemerintahan Bush terus negosiasi bahwa pemerintahan Clinton dimulai. Pada
akhir tahun 2002, pemerintahan Bush menyelesaikan negosiasi FTA dengan Chile dan Singapura pertama
dimulai oleh pemerintahan Clinton pada tahun 2000. FTA dengan Chile dan Singapura menandatangani
berlaku pada tanggal 1 Januari 2004.
Mungkin didorong oleh bagian dan perundang-undangan pemberian Presiden perdagangan
otoritas promosi (TPA), sebagaimana tercantum dalam Undang-Undang Perdagangan tahun 2002 (PL 107-210-ditandatangani menjadi undang-undang
pada tanggal 6 Agustus 2002), pemerintahan Bush bergerak maju dengan agenda perdagangan yang mengandung
jumlah belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya dari FTA. Pada tahun 2004, perjanjian dengan Australia dan Maroko ditandatangani,
disetujui oleh Kongres. Perjanjian dengan Australia mulai berlaku pada tanggal 1 Januari 2005, dan
satu dengan Maroko pada tanggal 1 Januari 2006. Sebuah perjanjian dengan negara-negara Amerika Tengah dan
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