and control groups to use for measuring the effect of governmentspendi terjemahan - and control groups to use for measuring the effect of governmentspendi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

and control groups to use for measu

and control groups to use for measuring the effect of government
spending on individual giving. Such comparisons
will be biased by the fact that high -income areas would
have given more even in the absence of government intervention.
In principle, regression analysis using controls for
income can correct this bias, but in practice, as discussed
in Chapter 3, controls are typically unable to fully correct
this type of problem.
Recent studies have used clever quasi-experimental
methods to try to surmount these empirical problems. One
example is Hungerman’s (2005) study of the response of
Presbyterian Church spending on charitable activities to
changes in federal transfer programs. As discussed at
length in Chapter 17, in 1996 the federal government introduced
a major welfare reform that made a number of fundamental
changes in cash welfare programs, one of which
sharply restricted the eligibility of non-citizens for welfare
programs. Hungerman compared the change in spending on
charitable activities by churches in areas with a large number
of immigrants (which saw the largest reduction in government
transfer spending) to the change in spending by
churches in areas with smaller numbers of immigrants
(which saw smaller reductions). He found that after the
reforms had been enacted, churches in the high-immigrant
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and control groups to use for measuring the effect of governmentspending on individual giving. Such comparisonswill be biased by the fact that high -income areas wouldhave given more even in the absence of government intervention.In principle, regression analysis using controls forincome can correct this bias, but in practice, as discussedin Chapter 3, controls are typically unable to fully correctthis type of problem.Recent studies have used clever quasi-experimentalmethods to try to surmount these empirical problems. Oneexample is Hungerman’s (2005) study of the response ofPresbyterian Church spending on charitable activities tochanges in federal transfer programs. As discussed atlength in Chapter 17, in 1996 the federal government introduceda major welfare reform that made a number of fundamentalchanges in cash welfare programs, one of whichsharply restricted the eligibility of non-citizens for welfareprograms. Hungerman compared the change in spending oncharitable activities by churches in areas with a large numberof immigrants (which saw the largest reduction in governmenttransfer spending) to the change in spending bychurches in areas with smaller numbers of immigrants(which saw smaller reductions). He found that after thereforms had been enacted, churches in the high-immigrant
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dan kelompok kontrol yang digunakan untuk mengukur efek dari pemerintah
pengeluaran pemberian individu. Perbandingan seperti
akan menjadi bias oleh fakta bahwa daerah -income tinggi akan
memberikan lebih bahkan tanpa adanya intervensi pemerintah.
Pada prinsipnya, analisis regresi menggunakan kontrol untuk
pendapatan dapat memperbaiki bias ini, tetapi dalam prakteknya, seperti dibahas
dalam Bab 3, kontrol biasanya tidak dapat sepenuhnya benar
jenis masalah.
Studi terbaru telah menggunakan kuasi-eksperimental pintar
metode untuk mencoba mengatasi masalah-masalah empiris. Salah satu
contoh adalah (2005) studi Hungerman tentang respon dari
pengeluaran Gereja Presbyterian di kegiatan amal untuk
perubahan program pengalihan federal. Seperti yang dibahas di
panjang di Bab 17, pada tahun 1996 pemerintah federal memperkenalkan
reformasi kesejahteraan utama yang membuat sejumlah mendasar
perubahan program kesejahteraan tunai, salah satunya
tajam membatasi kelayakan non-warga negara untuk kesejahteraan
program. Hungerman dibandingkan perubahan pengeluaran pada
kegiatan amal oleh gereja-gereja di daerah dengan sejumlah besar
imigran (yang melihat penurunan terbesar dalam pemerintahan
belanja transfer) untuk perubahan dalam pengeluaran oleh
gereja-gereja di daerah dengan jumlah yang lebih kecil dari imigran
(yang melihat penurunan yang lebih kecil) . Ia menemukan bahwa setelah
reformasi telah diberlakukan, gereja-gereja di high-imigran
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