Guppies are considered to show synchronous development of a single bat terjemahan - Guppies are considered to show synchronous development of a single bat Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Guppies are considered to show sync

Guppies are considered to show synchronous development of a single batch of embryos during each reproductive cycle, in contrast to species with superfetation, such asHeterandria formosa, whereby smaller broods at significantly different stages can coexist (Constantz, 1989). Nevertheless individuals of the same brood could be fertilized asynchronously, as described by Thibault and Schultz (1978), who estimated a time span of up to 6 days within the same brood. In
agreement with this, we found that specimens explanted from the same mother at 8 days after last parturition (dap) fell into three groups: blastodisc, shield, and optic cup embryos (Fig. 2A,F,L). To assess whether the specimens at earlier stages were arrested in development, we cultured representatives of each stage separately in vitro, which demonstrated that all specimens proceeded in development. Embryos cultured in vitro from the blastodisc stage (Fig. 2, upper row A–E) reached the optic cup stage after 3 days in culture. When the culture started at the shield stage (Fig. 2, middle row F–K), embryos showed the
first signs of eye pigment 2 days later. Embryos cultured from the optic cup
stage onward (Fig. 2, lower row, L–P)
developed fin buds and some melanophores on top of the head 4 days later
(P). These kinetics are very similar to
those of early platyfish and swordtail
development in vivo (Tavolga, 1949).
By comparing our observations with
the kinetics of early development in
platyfish and swordfish, which have
only slightly longer interbrood intervals (Tavolga, 1949), we suggest that
fertilization of a batch of eggs occurs 3
to 8 days after last parturition in the
guppy. Explanting embryos at advanced developmental stages confirmed that embryos remain asynchronous throughout their development,
as seen by the differences in their
body length, pigmentation, and yolk
consumption (data not shown). We repeatedly have observed asynchronous
growth of yolking oocytes in the guppy
and therefore suggest that consecutive maturation of individual eggs
could be a plausible reason for asynchronous fertilization, in analogy to
observations in the platyfish (Tavolga,
1949).
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Guppies are considered to show synchronous development of a single batch of embryos during each reproductive cycle, in contrast to species with superfetation, such asHeterandria formosa, whereby smaller broods at significantly different stages can coexist (Constantz, 1989). Nevertheless individuals of the same brood could be fertilized asynchronously, as described by Thibault and Schultz (1978), who estimated a time span of up to 6 days within the same brood. Inagreement with this, we found that specimens explanted from the same mother at 8 days after last parturition (dap) fell into three groups: blastodisc, shield, and optic cup embryos (Fig. 2A,F,L). To assess whether the specimens at earlier stages were arrested in development, we cultured representatives of each stage separately in vitro, which demonstrated that all specimens proceeded in development. Embryos cultured in vitro from the blastodisc stage (Fig. 2, upper row A–E) reached the optic cup stage after 3 days in culture. When the culture started at the shield stage (Fig. 2, middle row F–K), embryos showed thefirst signs of eye pigment 2 days later. Embryos cultured from the optic cupstage onward (Fig. 2, lower row, L–P)developed fin buds and some melanophores on top of the head 4 days later(P). These kinetics are very similar tothose of early platyfish and swordtaildevelopment in vivo (Tavolga, 1949).By comparing our observations withthe kinetics of early development in
platyfish and swordfish, which have
only slightly longer interbrood intervals (Tavolga, 1949), we suggest that
fertilization of a batch of eggs occurs 3
to 8 days after last parturition in the
guppy. Explanting embryos at advanced developmental stages confirmed that embryos remain asynchronous throughout their development,
as seen by the differences in their
body length, pigmentation, and yolk
consumption (data not shown). We repeatedly have observed asynchronous
growth of yolking oocytes in the guppy
and therefore suggest that consecutive maturation of individual eggs
could be a plausible reason for asynchronous fertilization, in analogy to
observations in the platyfish (Tavolga,
1949).
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Guppy dianggap menunjukkan perkembangan sinkron dari satu batch embrio selama setiap siklus reproduksi, berbeda dengan spesies dengan superfetation, seperti asHeterandria formosa, dimana merenung kecil di signifikan tahapan yang berbeda dapat hidup berdampingan (Constantz, 1989). Namun demikian individu-individu dari induk yang sama bisa dibuahi asynchronous, seperti yang dijelaskan oleh Thibault dan Schultz (1978), yang diperkirakan rentang waktu hingga 6 hari dalam induk yang sama. Dalam
kesepakatan dengan ini, kami menemukan bahwa spesimen explanted dari ibu yang sama pada 8 hari setelah kelahiran terakhir (hst) jatuh ke dalam tiga kelompok: blastodisc, perisai, dan cangkir embrio optik (Gambar 2A, F, L.). Untuk menilai apakah spesimen pada tahap awal ditangkap dalam pembangunan, kita berbudaya perwakilan dari setiap tahap secara terpisah in vitro, yang menunjukkan bahwa semua spesimen melanjutkan pembangunan. Embrio dikultur in vitro dari tahap blastodisc (Gbr. 2, baris atas A-E) mencapai tahap cangkir optik setelah 3 hari dalam budaya. Ketika budaya mulai pada tahap perisai (Gbr. 2, barisan tengah F-K), embrio menunjukkan
tanda-tanda pertama dari pigmen mata 2 hari kemudian. Embrio berbudaya dari cangkir optik
tahap selanjutnya (Gambar. 2, baris bawah, L-P)
yang dikembangkan tunas fin dan beberapa melanophores di atas kepala 4 hari kemudian
(P). Kinetika ini sangat mirip dengan
orang-orang dari platyfish awal dan swordtail
pengembangan in vivo (Tavolga, 1949).
Dengan membandingkan pengamatan kami dengan
kinetika pembangunan awal
platyfish dan ikan todak, yang memiliki
hanya sedikit lebih panjang interbrood interval (Tavolga, 1949), kami menunjukkan bahwa
pembuahan batch telur terjadi 3
sampai 8 hari setelah kelahiran terakhir di
guppy. Explanting embrio pada tahap perkembangan lanjutan menegaskan bahwa embrio tetap asynchronous seluruh perkembangan mereka,
seperti yang terlihat oleh perbedaan mereka
panjang tubuh, pigmentasi, dan kuning telur
konsumsi (data tidak ditampilkan). Kami berulang kali telah mengamati asynchronous
pertumbuhan yolking oosit di guppy yang
dan karena itu menunjukkan bahwa pematangan berturut-turut telur individu
bisa menjadi alasan yang masuk akal untuk fertilisasi asynchronous, dalam analogi
pengamatan di platyfish (Tavolga,
1949).
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