In the past decade, recognition of the possibility of using genetic se terjemahan - In the past decade, recognition of the possibility of using genetic se Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

In the past decade, recognition of

In the past decade, recognition of the possibility of using genetic selection as a tool for
improving disease resistance in dairy cattle has been hypothesized as a useful tool by both researchers
and producers alike. Specifically, many studies have investigated the influence of genetics in common
diseases of the dairy cow (Shanks et al., 1982; Lin et al., 1989; Lyons et al., 1991; Uribe et al., 1995;
Zwald et al., 2004; Heringstad et al., 2005). To date, there has been limited research published on the
genetic effects of common diseases in dairy calves. The few published studies, pertaining to this topic,
have focused on the genetics of respiratory disease in Norwegian Red Holsteins (Heringstad et al.,
2008) and in various breeds of beef calves (Snowder et al., 2005) .
Preweaning calf diseases are a very costly concern for dairy producers. In addition, these
problems are an important issue in terms of animal welfare. Furthermore, preweaning diseases have
been associated with increased risk of morbidity later in the rearing period, and are likely to have
impacts on the mature life of the animal, such as increased age at first calving and decreased lifetime
profitability (Walter-Toews et al., 1986; Svensson et al., 2006). For instance, it has been shown that
heifers treated for pneumonia within 90 days of birth were more likely to die after that time, as
compared to untreated calves (Walter-Toews et al., 1986). Also, calves contracting navel-joint illness
in early calfhood have exhibited significantly shorter herd longevity patterns, compared to calves
receiving no treatment (Britney et al., 1984). In addition, calfhood diarrhea has been associated with
lowered first lactation milk production (Svensson and Hultgren, 2008). The occurrence of diarrhea is
strongly associated with respiratory disease, which is known to generally have longer convalescence
and more profound effects on rate of growth (Lundborg et al., 2003). In spite of the reported low
heritabilities of most health traits, genetic variation of calfhood disease is of potential economic
importance. As such, inclusion of these traits in breeding programs could be valuable.
Markedly variable calfhood morbidity rates (prior to weaning) have been reported from a wide
variety of sources and study designs. In a review by Shook (1998), it was stated that genetic studies of
calfhood diseases in commercial herds were nonexistent, and concluded that more knowledge was
needed for making decisions about the inclusion of these traits in breeding programs (Shook, 1998).
To date, the only routinely evaluated traits, which include information concerning calves, in Canadian
and US national dairy cattle breeding programs are Calf Survival and Stillbirth, respectively. The
objectives of this research were to estimate genetic parameters for 3 preweaning diseases (respiratory
disease [BRD], umbilical diseases [UMB], bloat [BLT]) for a population of calves from New York
State, as well as to associate sire proofs for these 3 calf heath traits with traits routinely evaluated in
Canada and US.
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In the past decade, recognition of the possibility of using genetic selection as a tool forimproving disease resistance in dairy cattle has been hypothesized as a useful tool by both researchersand producers alike. Specifically, many studies have investigated the influence of genetics in commondiseases of the dairy cow (Shanks et al., 1982; Lin et al., 1989; Lyons et al., 1991; Uribe et al., 1995;Zwald et al., 2004; Heringstad et al., 2005). To date, there has been limited research published on thegenetic effects of common diseases in dairy calves. The few published studies, pertaining to this topic,have focused on the genetics of respiratory disease in Norwegian Red Holsteins (Heringstad et al.,2008) and in various breeds of beef calves (Snowder et al., 2005) .Preweaning calf diseases are a very costly concern for dairy producers. In addition, theseproblems are an important issue in terms of animal welfare. Furthermore, preweaning diseases havebeen associated with increased risk of morbidity later in the rearing period, and are likely to haveimpacts on the mature life of the animal, such as increased age at first calving and decreased lifetimeprofitability (Walter-Toews et al., 1986; Svensson et al., 2006). For instance, it has been shown thatheifers treated for pneumonia within 90 days of birth were more likely to die after that time, ascompared to untreated calves (Walter-Toews et al., 1986). Also, calves contracting navel-joint illnessin early calfhood have exhibited significantly shorter herd longevity patterns, compared to calvesreceiving no treatment (Britney et al., 1984). In addition, calfhood diarrhea has been associated withlowered first lactation milk production (Svensson and Hultgren, 2008). The occurrence of diarrhea isstrongly associated with respiratory disease, which is known to generally have longer convalescenceand more profound effects on rate of growth (Lundborg et al., 2003). In spite of the reported lowheritabilities of most health traits, genetic variation of calfhood disease is of potential economicimportance. As such, inclusion of these traits in breeding programs could be valuable.Markedly variable calfhood morbidity rates (prior to weaning) have been reported from a widevariety of sources and study designs. In a review by Shook (1998), it was stated that genetic studies ofcalfhood diseases in commercial herds were nonexistent, and concluded that more knowledge wasneeded for making decisions about the inclusion of these traits in breeding programs (Shook, 1998).To date, the only routinely evaluated traits, which include information concerning calves, in Canadianand US national dairy cattle breeding programs are Calf Survival and Stillbirth, respectively. Theobjectives of this research were to estimate genetic parameters for 3 preweaning diseases (respiratorydisease [BRD], umbilical diseases [UMB], bloat [BLT]) for a population of calves from New YorkState, as well as to associate sire proofs for these 3 calf heath traits with traits routinely evaluated inCanada and US.
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Dalam dekade terakhir, pengakuan kemungkinan menggunakan seleksi genetik sebagai alat untuk
meningkatkan ketahanan terhadap penyakit di sapi perah telah dihipotesiskan sebagai alat yang berguna baik oleh peneliti
dan produsen sama. Secara khusus, banyak penelitian telah menyelidiki pengaruh genetika kesamaan
penyakit pada sapi perah (Shanks et al, 1982;.. Lin et al, 1989;. Lyons et al, 1991;. Uribe et al, 1995;
Zwald et al. 2004;. Heringstad et al, 2005). Sampai saat ini, telah ada penelitian yang terbatas dipublikasikan di
efek genetik penyakit umum di betis susu. Beberapa penelitian yang diterbitkan, yang berkaitan dengan topik ini,
telah berfokus pada genetika penyakit pernapasan di Norwegia Red Holsteins (Heringstad et al.,
2008) dan di berbagai keturunan sapi potong (Snowder et al., 2005).
Prasapih penyakit betis yang perhatian yang sangat mahal bagi produsen susu. Selain itu, ini
masalah adalah isu penting dalam hal kesejahteraan hewan. Selain itu, penyakit prasapih telah
dikaitkan dengan peningkatan risiko morbiditas kemudian pada periode pemeliharaan, dan cenderung memiliki
dampak pada kehidupan dewasa hewan, seperti peningkatan usia melahirkan pertama dan menurun seumur hidup
profitabilitas (Walter-Toews et al. 1986;. Svensson et al, 2006). Misalnya, telah menunjukkan bahwa
sapi diperlakukan untuk pneumonia dalam waktu 90 hari lahir lebih mungkin meninggal setelah waktu itu, sebagai
dibandingkan dengan anak sapi yang tidak diobati (Walter-Toews et al., 1986). Juga, betis tertular penyakit pusar-sendi
di calfhood awal telah menunjukkan pola kawanan umur panjang secara signifikan lebih pendek, dibandingkan dengan betis
menerima ada pengobatan (Britney dkk., 1984). Selain itu, calfhood diare telah dikaitkan dengan
menurunkan produksi susu laktasi pertama (Svensson dan Hultgren, 2008). Terjadinya diare
sangat terkait dengan penyakit pernapasan, yang dikenal umumnya memiliki panjang pemulihan
dan efek yang lebih besar pada laju pertumbuhan (Lundborg et al., 2003). Terlepas dari rendah dilaporkan
heritabilitas paling sifat kesehatan, variasi genetik dari penyakit calfhood adalah potensi ekonomi
penting. Dengan demikian, masuknya sifat-sifat ini dalam program pemuliaan dapat berharga.
Nyata calfhood variabel tingkat morbiditas (sebelum penyapihan) telah dilaporkan dari berbagai
berbagai sumber dan desain studi. Dalam review oleh Shook (1998), dinyatakan bahwa penelitian genetik
penyakit calfhood dalam kawanan komersial yang ada, dan menyimpulkan bahwa pengetahuan yang
dibutuhkan untuk membuat keputusan tentang masuknya sifat-sifat ini dalam program pemuliaan (Shook, 1998).
Untuk tanggal, ciri-ciri hanya rutin dievaluasi, yang meliputi informasi mengenai betis, di Kanada
dan AS sapi perah nasional program pemuliaan yang Calf Kelangsungan Hidup dan lahir mati, masing-masing. The
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperkirakan parameter genetik untuk 3 penyakit prasapih (pernapasan
penyakit [BRD], penyakit pusar [UMB], mengasapi [BLT]) untuk populasi sapi dari New York
Negara, serta mengaitkan bukti Sire untuk sifat-sifat 3 betis kesehatan dengan ciri-ciri secara rutin dievaluasi di
Kanada dan Amerika Serikat.
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