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A2 Base Capital Requirement
A Base Capital Requirement (BCR) is specified as a flat monetary figure in GENPRU which, for most companies, will be:
• Euro 3 million for life companies and non-life insurers writing any liability lines; or
• Euro 2 million for non-life insurers writing only non-liability lines.

These Euro amounts will be inflated over time to avoid the need for a new EU solvency directive to merely bring them up to date in the future.

A3 MCR – Non-life calculation
For non-life insurers a General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) must be calculated; for most companies this will be higher of two bases of calculation – premium-based and claim-based. On a simplified basis (i.e. ignoring minor issues and rate exceptions) these calculations are approximate to:
• Premium basis (18% of gross premiums receivable up to Euro 50m plus 16% of premiums above Euro 50m) multiplied by a reinsurance factor, which approximates to the product of the calculation: net claims incurred divided by gross claims incurred;
- Liability business premiums must be increased by 50% for the calculation, as a rough indicator of the increased risk/volatility of such business.
- Health insurance ‘based on actuarial principles’ may use lower percentages of 6% and 5%.
- The reinsurance factor is limited to a range of 50 to 100%, i.e. if the actual calculation generates a figure greater than 100%, or less than 50%, then 100% and 50% are used in place of the calculated figure.
• Claims basis (26% of the average gross incurred claims over the last three years up to Euro 35m plus 23% of those above that figure) multiplied by the same reinsurance factor as for premiums;
- Liability business claims incurred must be increased by 50% for the calculation, as a rough indicator of the increased risk/volatility of such business.
- Health insurance ‘based on actuarial principles’ may use lower percentages of one third of those given above.
- The same limit applies to the reinsurance factor as for the premium calculation.

The Euro denominated figures of 50m and 35m used in these calculations will be inflated over time to avoid the need for a new directive to update them.

Provision for companies in run-off
There is provision for a third basis of calculation based on the previous year’s General Insurance Capital Requirement multiplied by the ratio of closing net technical provisions to opening net technical provisions for the previous year where this is less than one.

A non-life insurer is required to hold an MCR of the higher of the base capital requirement or its general insurance capital requirement. For most reasonable sized non-life insurers the required solvency on the Solvency I basis should come out in the range between 15% and 25% of gross premiums, depending on the levels of liability business written and reinsurance in place.

A4 MCR – Life calculation
For a life a Long Term Capital Requirement (LTICR) and a Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) must be calculated.

The LTICR is the sum of capital required to support:
• Death risk;
• Health risk;
• Expense risk; and
• Market risk.

This generates a separate capital requirement for each key risk area. On a simplified (i.e. ignoring minor issues and rate exceptions) these calculations are proximate to:

• Death risk capital requirement
Capital at risk (the gross death benefits payable under insurance contracts, discounted to a present value for periodic or deferred payments, less the mathematical reserves for those contracts) a reinsurance factor (which approximates to net capital at risk/gross capital at risk at the previous year end) a factor in the range 0.1-0.3% depending on type of business written.
• Health risk capital requirement
For non-life insurance actuarially based health business, see above.
• Expense risk capital requirement
- 25% of relevant expenses for statutory business classes III, VII and VIII if the firm does not bear any investment risk.
- 1% of the Adjusted Mathematical Reserves (gross mathematical reserves, adjusted by the reinsurance ratio (net/gross) of mathematical reserves at the end of the previous year) for all other classes.
• Market risk capital requirement
- 3% of Adjusted Mathematical Reserves (as above) for all classes except for III, VII and VIII, if the firm does not bear any investment risk, and V.

Overall, the LTICR typically comes out at approximately 4% of adjusted mathematical reserves for firms that carry some of the investment risk. (Capital requirements for firms that only write unit-linked business and retain no investment risk on policyholder funds will be lower.)

The Resilience Capital Requirement requires capital to be set aside against the potential effects of market risk on the relative asset/liability position of a firm. There is a capital requirement if the effect of stressed market conditions would be that asset values fall by more than the reduction in mathematical reserves. There are prescribed scenarios to be used to test for this situation and calculate the required capital.

A life insurer is required to hold an MCR of the higher of the base capital requirement, or the sum of its Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement and Resilience Capital Requirement.

A5 Overall FSA requirement to maintain adequate financial resources
Before looking in more detail at the specifics of the FSA’s risk-based capital requirement in section A7, we should first consider the FSA’s overall requirements for ‘adequate financial resources’. These overall requirements, which relate to both capital and liquidity resources, are set out in the sourcebook GENPRU 1.2 (see Appendix 9.1).

The requirement to maintain adequate financial resources arises from the threshold conditions for authorization of firms and therefore enables the FSA to impose more stringent standards on UK insurers than those stipulated in Solvency I.

It should be noted that, in addition to specifying a generic capital adequacy requirement, the FSA also sets requirements for how a firm should ensure the overall adequacy of financial resources (including capital and liquidity), via a risk identification and management process and stress and scenario testing of its risk assessments. Consistent with its approach in other areas, the FSA requires the process to be documented.

• Stress testing relates to looking at the impact on future profitability and capital requirements of the firm when individual variables and assumptions used in assessing requirements are changed; for example, what would be the impact if the interest rate was higher (or lower) than expected by 1%, 2%, 3% etc.? There could be many such variables and assumptions, which would all need to be tested.
• Scenario testing involves estimating the impact on the business if a number of variables and assumptions changed at the same time because of a significant event (e.g. 9/11, a earthquake etc.) that also causes stock markets to fall, interest rates to rise, or significant changes to the firm’s business plan, or the expected state of insurance and financial markets. Such tests make it necessary to consider ‘an appropriate range of realistic circumstances and events’.

These tests should be performed, at a minimum, annually, but FSA guidance suggests that they should be performed more regularly should a significant change in future expectations occur suddenly. By carrying out such tests, it is felt that the firm will obtain a better understanding of its business and the risks it faces, and be able to make more informed decisions and plans in respect of risk management.

In December 2010 the FSA amended the SYSC sourcebook to additionally require ‘reverse stress testing to enable firms to identify potential business vulnerabilities.

Reverse stress-tests
Reverse stress-tests are stress tests require a firm to assess scenarios and circumstances that would render its business model unviable, thereby identifying potential business vulnerabilities. Reverse stress-testing starts from an outcome of business failure and identifies circumstances where this might occur. This is different to general stress and scenario testing which tests for outcomes arising from changes in circumstances.

Managements appear to be more focused and risk management is much better.

A6 The risk-based approach to capital requirements
As we mentioned in the previous section, the FSA is using the threshold conditions for UK authorization to enable it to apply its own, higher, risk-based standards. In 2005 it introduced the Capital Resources Requirement (CRR). This is whichever is greater of either:

• The MCR; or
• The Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR).

The ECR is a risk-based regulatory capital requirement based on specific rules. The reference to MCR is largely academic. In practice, the ECR is designed to be about twice MCR but the FSA is duty-bound under Solvency I to make sure that under no circumstances may an insurer’s capital fall below the MCR.

ECR – what the FSA was trying to achieve
The overall aim of the proposal for an enhanced capital requirement (ECR) is to provide a clearer, more risk-sensitive starting point for regulators and firms to assess a firm’s capital needs and to introduce an element of standardisation in approach. The proposal also seeks to ensure that the amount of capital held by a business is commensurate with the risks associated with the business profile and the systems and controls environment within that firm. We think that the rate of failure through insolvency amongst non-life insurers, whilst not very high, is higher than is acceptable. Capital is a major mitigant to the risk of insolvency. Whilst we are not seeking to produce a zero-failure regulatory regime, we do wish to seek the risk of insolvency reduced in this sector. We also want to promote better risk awareness and management amongst senior managers of non-life insurers. The introduction of more risk-sensitive capital require
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A2 Base Capital Requirement
A Base Capital Requirement (BCR) is specified as a flat monetary figure in GENPRU which, for most companies, will be:
• Euro 3 million for life companies and non-life insurers writing any liability lines; or
• Euro 2 million for non-life insurers writing only non-liability lines.

These Euro amounts will be inflated over time to avoid the need for a new EU solvency directive to merely bring them up to date in the future.

A3 MCR – Non-life calculation
For non-life insurers a General Insurance Capital Requirement (GICR) must be calculated; for most companies this will be higher of two bases of calculation – premium-based and claim-based. On a simplified basis (i.e. ignoring minor issues and rate exceptions) these calculations are approximate to:
• Premium basis (18% of gross premiums receivable up to Euro 50m plus 16% of premiums above Euro 50m) multiplied by a reinsurance factor, which approximates to the product of the calculation: net claims incurred divided by gross claims incurred;
- Liability business premiums must be increased by 50% for the calculation, as a rough indicator of the increased risk/volatility of such business.
- Health insurance ‘based on actuarial principles’ may use lower percentages of 6% and 5%.
- The reinsurance factor is limited to a range of 50 to 100%, i.e. if the actual calculation generates a figure greater than 100%, or less than 50%, then 100% and 50% are used in place of the calculated figure.
• Claims basis (26% of the average gross incurred claims over the last three years up to Euro 35m plus 23% of those above that figure) multiplied by the same reinsurance factor as for premiums;
- Liability business claims incurred must be increased by 50% for the calculation, as a rough indicator of the increased risk/volatility of such business.
- Health insurance ‘based on actuarial principles’ may use lower percentages of one third of those given above.
- The same limit applies to the reinsurance factor as for the premium calculation.

The Euro denominated figures of 50m and 35m used in these calculations will be inflated over time to avoid the need for a new directive to update them.

Provision for companies in run-off
There is provision for a third basis of calculation based on the previous year’s General Insurance Capital Requirement multiplied by the ratio of closing net technical provisions to opening net technical provisions for the previous year where this is less than one.

A non-life insurer is required to hold an MCR of the higher of the base capital requirement or its general insurance capital requirement. For most reasonable sized non-life insurers the required solvency on the Solvency I basis should come out in the range between 15% and 25% of gross premiums, depending on the levels of liability business written and reinsurance in place.

A4 MCR – Life calculation
For a life a Long Term Capital Requirement (LTICR) and a Resilience Capital Requirement (RCR) must be calculated.

The LTICR is the sum of capital required to support:
• Death risk;
• Health risk;
• Expense risk; and
• Market risk.

This generates a separate capital requirement for each key risk area. On a simplified (i.e. ignoring minor issues and rate exceptions) these calculations are proximate to:

• Death risk capital requirement
Capital at risk (the gross death benefits payable under insurance contracts, discounted to a present value for periodic or deferred payments, less the mathematical reserves for those contracts) a reinsurance factor (which approximates to net capital at risk/gross capital at risk at the previous year end) a factor in the range 0.1-0.3% depending on type of business written.
• Health risk capital requirement
For non-life insurance actuarially based health business, see above.
• Expense risk capital requirement
- 25% of relevant expenses for statutory business classes III, VII and VIII if the firm does not bear any investment risk.
- 1% of the Adjusted Mathematical Reserves (gross mathematical reserves, adjusted by the reinsurance ratio (net/gross) of mathematical reserves at the end of the previous year) for all other classes.
• Market risk capital requirement
- 3% of Adjusted Mathematical Reserves (as above) for all classes except for III, VII and VIII, if the firm does not bear any investment risk, and V.

Overall, the LTICR typically comes out at approximately 4% of adjusted mathematical reserves for firms that carry some of the investment risk. (Capital requirements for firms that only write unit-linked business and retain no investment risk on policyholder funds will be lower.)

The Resilience Capital Requirement requires capital to be set aside against the potential effects of market risk on the relative asset/liability position of a firm. There is a capital requirement if the effect of stressed market conditions would be that asset values fall by more than the reduction in mathematical reserves. There are prescribed scenarios to be used to test for this situation and calculate the required capital.

A life insurer is required to hold an MCR of the higher of the base capital requirement, or the sum of its Long Term Insurance Capital Requirement and Resilience Capital Requirement.

A5 Overall FSA requirement to maintain adequate financial resources
Before looking in more detail at the specifics of the FSA’s risk-based capital requirement in section A7, we should first consider the FSA’s overall requirements for ‘adequate financial resources’. These overall requirements, which relate to both capital and liquidity resources, are set out in the sourcebook GENPRU 1.2 (see Appendix 9.1).

The requirement to maintain adequate financial resources arises from the threshold conditions for authorization of firms and therefore enables the FSA to impose more stringent standards on UK insurers than those stipulated in Solvency I.

It should be noted that, in addition to specifying a generic capital adequacy requirement, the FSA also sets requirements for how a firm should ensure the overall adequacy of financial resources (including capital and liquidity), via a risk identification and management process and stress and scenario testing of its risk assessments. Consistent with its approach in other areas, the FSA requires the process to be documented.

• Stress testing relates to looking at the impact on future profitability and capital requirements of the firm when individual variables and assumptions used in assessing requirements are changed; for example, what would be the impact if the interest rate was higher (or lower) than expected by 1%, 2%, 3% etc.? There could be many such variables and assumptions, which would all need to be tested.
• Scenario testing involves estimating the impact on the business if a number of variables and assumptions changed at the same time because of a significant event (e.g. 9/11, a earthquake etc.) that also causes stock markets to fall, interest rates to rise, or significant changes to the firm’s business plan, or the expected state of insurance and financial markets. Such tests make it necessary to consider ‘an appropriate range of realistic circumstances and events’.

These tests should be performed, at a minimum, annually, but FSA guidance suggests that they should be performed more regularly should a significant change in future expectations occur suddenly. By carrying out such tests, it is felt that the firm will obtain a better understanding of its business and the risks it faces, and be able to make more informed decisions and plans in respect of risk management.

In December 2010 the FSA amended the SYSC sourcebook to additionally require ‘reverse stress testing to enable firms to identify potential business vulnerabilities.

Reverse stress-tests
Reverse stress-tests are stress tests require a firm to assess scenarios and circumstances that would render its business model unviable, thereby identifying potential business vulnerabilities. Reverse stress-testing starts from an outcome of business failure and identifies circumstances where this might occur. This is different to general stress and scenario testing which tests for outcomes arising from changes in circumstances.

Managements appear to be more focused and risk management is much better.

A6 The risk-based approach to capital requirements
As we mentioned in the previous section, the FSA is using the threshold conditions for UK authorization to enable it to apply its own, higher, risk-based standards. In 2005 it introduced the Capital Resources Requirement (CRR). This is whichever is greater of either:

• The MCR; or
• The Enhanced Capital Requirement (ECR).

The ECR is a risk-based regulatory capital requirement based on specific rules. The reference to MCR is largely academic. In practice, the ECR is designed to be about twice MCR but the FSA is duty-bound under Solvency I to make sure that under no circumstances may an insurer’s capital fall below the MCR.

ECR – what the FSA was trying to achieve
The overall aim of the proposal for an enhanced capital requirement (ECR) is to provide a clearer, more risk-sensitive starting point for regulators and firms to assess a firm’s capital needs and to introduce an element of standardisation in approach. The proposal also seeks to ensure that the amount of capital held by a business is commensurate with the risks associated with the business profile and the systems and controls environment within that firm. We think that the rate of failure through insolvency amongst non-life insurers, whilst not very high, is higher than is acceptable. Capital is a major mitigant to the risk of insolvency. Whilst we are not seeking to produce a zero-failure regulatory regime, we do wish to seek the risk of insolvency reduced in this sector. We also want to promote better risk awareness and management amongst senior managers of non-life insurers. The introduction of more risk-sensitive capital require
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Kebutuhan A2 Basis Capital
A Basis Capital Requirement (BCR) ditetapkan sebagai tokoh moneter flat di GENPRU yang, untuk sebagian besar perusahaan, akan:
• Euro 3 juta untuk perusahaan asuransi jiwa dan asuransi non-jiwa menulis setiap baris kewajiban; atau
• Euro 2 juta untuk asuransi non-jiwa menulis baris hanya non-kewajiban. Ini jumlah Euro akan meningkat dari waktu ke waktu untuk menghindari kebutuhan untuk direktif solvabilitas baru Uni Eropa untuk hanya membawa mereka up to date di masa depan. A3 MCR - Non Perhitungan-hidup Untuk asuransi non-hidup Kebutuhan Asuransi Umum Capital (GICR) harus dihitung; bagi sebagian besar perusahaan ini akan lebih tinggi dari dua basis perhitungan --premium dan berbasis klaim. Secara sederhana (yaitu mengabaikan masalah kecil dan pengecualian rate) perhitungan ini adalah perkiraan untuk: • basis Premium (18% dari premi bruto piutang hingga 50m Euro ditambah 16% dari premi atas Euro 50m) dikalikan dengan faktor reasuransi, yang mendekati dengan produk dari perhitungan: klaim bersih timbul dibagi dengan klaim bruto terjadinya; - premi bisnis Kewajiban harus ditingkatkan sebesar 50% untuk perhitungan, sebagai indikator kasar dari peningkatan risiko / volatilitas bisnis tersebut. - Asuransi kesehatan 'berdasarkan prinsip aktuaria 'dapat menggunakan persentase yang lebih rendah dari 6% dan 5%. - Faktor reasuransi terbatas pada kisaran 50 sampai 100%, yaitu jika perhitungan yang sebenarnya menghasilkan angka yang lebih besar dari 100%, atau kurang dari 50%, maka 100 % dan 50% yang digunakan di tempat sosok dihitung. • Klaim dasar (26% dari rata-rata klaim yang terjadi bruto selama tiga tahun terakhir hingga 35m Euro ditambah 23% dari orang-orang di atas angka itu) dikalikan dengan faktor reasuransi yang sama seperti premi; -. klaim bisnis Kewajiban yang timbul harus ditingkatkan sebesar 50% untuk perhitungan, sebagai indikator kasar dari peningkatan risiko / volatilitas bisnis seperti - Asuransi kesehatan 'berdasarkan prinsip aktuaria' dapat menggunakan persentase yang lebih rendah dari sepertiga dari mereka diberikan di atas. - Batas yang sama berlaku untuk faktor reasuransi seperti untuk perhitungan premi. Angka Euro mata uang dari 50m dan 35m digunakan dalam perhitungan ini akan meningkat dari waktu ke waktu untuk menghindari kebutuhan untuk instruksi baru untuk memperbaruinya. Penyisihan perusahaan di run-off Ada ketentuan untuk secara ketiga perhitungan berdasarkan Modal Asuransi Umum Kebutuhan tahun sebelumnya dikalikan dengan rasio penutupan ketentuan teknis net membuka ketentuan teknis bersih untuk tahun sebelumnya di mana ini kurang dari satu. Sebuah non asuransi jiwa yang wajib memiliki MCR yang lebih tinggi dari persyaratan modal dasar atau kebutuhan modal asuransi umum. Untuk yang paling masuk akal berukuran asuransi non-jiwa solvabilitas yang diperlukan atas dasar Solvabilitas saya harus keluar dalam kisaran antara 15% dan 25% dari premi bruto, tergantung pada tingkat bisnis kewajiban tertulis dan reasuransi di tempat. A4 MCR - perhitungan Hidup . Untuk kehidupan Kebutuhan Jangka Panjang Modal (LTICR) dan Kebutuhan Ketahanan Modal (RCR) harus dihitung The LTICR adalah jumlah modal yang diperlukan untuk mendukung: • Risiko Kematian; • Risiko Kesehatan; • Risiko Beban; dan risiko • Market. Ini menghasilkan persyaratan modal yang terpisah untuk masing-masing daerah risiko utama. Pada disederhanakan (yaitu mengabaikan masalah kecil dan pengecualian rate) perhitungan ini membarengi: • kebutuhan modal risiko kematian Modal berisiko (manfaat kematian bruto dibayar di bawah kontrak asuransi, didiskontokan ke nilai sekarang untuk pembayaran periodik atau ditangguhkan, kurang matematika cadangan untuk kontrak-kontrak) faktor reasuransi (yang mendekati untuk modal bersih berisiko / modal bruto berisiko pada akhir tahun sebelumnya) faktor dalam kisaran 0,1-0,3% tergantung pada jenis usaha tertulis. • kebutuhan modal risiko kesehatan Untuk non asuransi berbasis aktuaria bisnis kesehatan-hidup, lihat di atas. • Kebutuhan modal risiko Beban - 25% dari biaya yang relevan untuk kelas bisnis hukum III, VII dan VIII jika perusahaan tidak menanggung risiko investasi. - 1% dari matematika Cadangan Disesuaikan ( cadangan kotor matematika, disesuaikan dengan rasio reasuransi (net / gross) cadangan matematika pada akhir tahun sebelumnya) untuk semua kelas lainnya. • kebutuhan modal risiko pasar - 3% dari Disesuaikan Matematika Cadangan (seperti di atas) untuk semua kelas kecuali untuk III, VII, dan VIII, jika perusahaan tidak menanggung risiko investasi, dan V. Secara keseluruhan, LTICR biasanya keluar pada sekitar 4% dari cadangan disesuaikan matematika untuk perusahaan-perusahaan yang membawa beberapa risiko investasi. (Persyaratan modal bagi perusahaan-perusahaan yang hanya menulis bisnis unit link dan mempertahankan tidak ada risiko investasi pada dana pemegang polis akan lebih rendah.) The Ketahanan Modal Kebutuhan membutuhkan modal yang akan disisihkan terhadap potensi dampak risiko pasar pada posisi relatif aset / kewajiban sebuah perusahaan. Ada persyaratan modal jika pengaruh kondisi pasar menekankan akan bahwa nilai aset turun lebih dari penurunan cadangan matematika. Skenario ada diresepkan untuk digunakan untuk menguji situasi ini dan menghitung modal yang dibutuhkan. Sebuah perusahaan asuransi jiwa yang wajib memiliki MCR yang lebih tinggi dari kebutuhan modal dasar, atau jumlah yang Kebutuhan Modal Panjang Asuransi Term dan Persyaratan Ketahanan Modal . Kebutuhan A5 Keseluruhan FSA untuk mempertahankan sumber daya keuangan yang memadai Sebelum melihat secara lebih rinci pada spesifikasi kebutuhan modal berbasis risiko FSA dalam bagian A7, pertama kita harus mempertimbangkan kebutuhan keseluruhan FSA untuk 'sumber daya keuangan yang memadai'. Persyaratan secara keseluruhan, yang berhubungan dengan kedua sumber daya modal dan likuiditas, yang ditetapkan dalam acuan GENPRU 1.2 (lihat Lampiran 9.1). Persyaratan untuk mempertahankan sumber daya keuangan yang memadai timbul dari kondisi ambang batas untuk otorisasi perusahaan dan karena itu memungkinkan FSA untuk memaksakan standar yang lebih ketat pada perusahaan asuransi Inggris daripada yang diatur dalam Solvabilitas I. Perlu dicatat bahwa, selain menentukan kewajiban penyediaan modal generik, FSA juga menetapkan persyaratan untuk bagaimana sebuah perusahaan harus memastikan kecukupan keseluruhan sumber daya keuangan (termasuk modal dan likuiditas), melalui identifikasi risiko dan proses manajemen dan stres dan pengujian skenario penilaian risiko. Konsisten dengan pendekatan di daerah lain, FSA membutuhkan proses yang akan didokumentasikan. • Stress testing berkaitan dengan melihat dampak pada profitabilitas dan modal kebutuhan masa depan perusahaan ketika variabel individu dan asumsi yang digunakan dalam menilai kebutuhan berubah; misalnya, apa yang akan menjadi dampak jika tingkat bunga lebih tinggi (atau lebih rendah) dari yang diharapkan oleh 1%, 2%, 3% dan lain-lain? Mungkin ada banyak variabel dan asumsi, yang semuanya akan perlu diuji. • pengujian Skenario melibatkan memperkirakan dampak pada bisnis jika sejumlah variabel dan asumsi berubah pada saat yang sama karena peristiwa penting (misalnya 9/11, gempa dll) yang juga menyebabkan pasar saham jatuh, suku bunga naik, atau perubahan signifikan terhadap rencana bisnis perusahaan, atau negara yang diharapkan dari asuransi dan pasar keuangan. Tes tersebut membuat perlu untuk mempertimbangkan 'kisaran yang tepat atas situasi yang realistis dan peristiwa'. Tes ini harus dilakukan, minimal, setiap tahunnya, namun bimbingan FSA menunjukkan bahwa mereka harus dilakukan lebih teratur harus perubahan signifikan dalam harapan masa depan terjadi tiba-tiba . Dengan melakukan tes tersebut, dirasakan bahwa perusahaan akan memperoleh pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bisnis dan risiko yang dihadapinya, dan mampu membuat keputusan yang lebih dan rencana dalam hal manajemen risiko. Pada bulan Desember 2010 FSA diubah SYSC yang Buku Sumber untuk tambahan membutuhkan 'stress testing terbalik untuk memungkinkan perusahaan untuk mengidentifikasi kerentanan bisnis potensial. Terbalik stres tes Terbalik stres tes stress test membutuhkan perusahaan untuk menilai skenario dan situasi yang akan membuat model bisnis unviable, sehingga mengidentifikasi kerentanan bisnis potensial. Sebaliknya stres-pengujian dimulai dari hasil kegagalan bisnis dan mengidentifikasi keadaan di mana hal ini mungkin terjadi. Hal ini berbeda dengan stres umum dan pengujian skenario yang tes untuk hasil yang timbul dari perubahan keadaan. Manajemen tampaknya lebih terfokus dan manajemen risiko jauh lebih baik. A6 Pendekatan berbasis risiko untuk kebutuhan modal Seperti yang telah disebutkan pada bagian sebelumnya, FSA menggunakan kondisi ambang batas untuk otorisasi Inggris untuk memungkinkannya untuk menerapkan, lebih tinggi, standar berbasis risiko sendiri. Pada tahun 2005 ia memperkenalkan Kebutuhan Sumber Daya Modal (CRR). Ini adalah mana yang lebih besar baik: • The MCR; atau • Modal Kebutuhan yang Disempurnakan (ECR). The ECR adalah persyaratan modal peraturan berbasis risiko berdasarkan aturan tertentu. Referensi ke MCR sebagian besar akademis. Dalam prakteknya, ECR dirancang untuk menjadi sekitar dua kali MCR tapi FSA adalah tugas-terikat di bawah Solvabilitas saya untuk memastikan bahwa dalam kondisi apapun dapat modal jatuh sebuah perusahaan asuransi di bawah MCR. ECR - apa FSA berusaha untuk mencapai keseluruhan tujuan proposal untuk kebutuhan modal ditingkatkan (ECR) adalah untuk memberikan lebih jelas, lebih titik awal risiko-sensitif bagi regulator dan perusahaan untuk menilai kebutuhan modal perusahaan dan untuk memperkenalkan unsur standarisasi dalam pendekatan. Proposal juga berusaha untuk memastikan bahwa jumlah modal yang dimiliki oleh bisnis sepadan dengan risiko yang terkait dengan profil bisnis dan sistem dan kontrol lingkungan dalam perusahaan itu. Kami berpikir bahwa tingkat kegagalan melalui kebangkrutan di antara perusahaan asuransi non-jiwa, sementara tidak sangat tinggi, lebih tinggi dari yang diterima. Modal adalah mitigant besar risiko kebangkrutan. Sementara kita tidak berusaha untuk menghasilkan rezim pengaturan nol-kegagalan, kita ingin mencari risiko kebangkrutan berkurang di sektor ini. Kami juga ingin mempromosikan kesadaran dan manajemen risiko yang lebih baik di antara para manajer senior perusahaan asuransi non-jiwa. Pengenalan modal sensitif risiko memerlukan












































































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