The NR affair brought to the surface underling weaknesses and inconsis terjemahan - The NR affair brought to the surface underling weaknesses and inconsis Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The NR affair brought to the surfac

The NR affair brought to the surface underling weaknesses and inconsistencies in the
UK’s deposit protection scheme (DPS) designed to compensate depositors in the event of
a bank’s insolvency. Deposit protection serves three main purposes: (1) to offer a
degree of social protection to holders of small bank deposits, (2) to remove the incentive
for contagious bank runs, and (3) to make it easier and, to some extent, less costly to
allow banks to fail. The original purpose when it was first introduced in the US in the
1930s was to remove the incentive to withdraw deposits from solvent banks when other
banks were failing: in this sense, it was designed more as an instrument of financial
stability than consumer protection.
Two central issues, both of which emerged in the debate about NR’s predicament, relate
to coverage (what limit should be placed on the size of deposits protected, and whether,
for instance, inter-bank deposits should be included), and the element of co-insurance
(i.e. whether, as in most insurance, cover within the limit is to be less than total). Herein
lies the central dilemma of deposit protection. If coverage is total (there is no coinsurance)
a serious
moral
hazard
risk
arises
in
four respects.
Firstly,
depositors
have no
incentive
to
consider
the
risk
characteristics
of their
banks. Secondly,
they
might
have
incentives
(as
was
allegedly
the
case
in
the
US
Savings
and
Loans crisis)
to
deliberately

seek
out
high-risk
banks because,
if
the
banks
did
not fail
depositors
would
retain
the
generally
higher
interest
rates being
offered,
whereas
if they
were
to fail
depositors

would
be fully
compensated.
This
amounts to a
one-way put option
in
favour of
choosing

high-risk banks. Thirdly, banks might also have incentives to adopt high-risk profiles
because they know their depositors will be protected in the event of failure. Fourthly, if
protection is total the pricing of risk is distorted as it is no longer necessary to offer
depositors a risk premium in the rate of interest which effectively subsidises risk and
causes it to be under-priced. The existence of deposit protection represents a powerful
case for the regulation of banks: to avoid the moral hazard being exploited.
The other part of the dilemma, however, is that if coverage is less than complete, and
there is an element of co-insurance, depositors will withdraw deposits in the event that
doubts arise about the solvency of a bank. Depositors are likely to withdraw funds in the
event that they are exposed to any
risk of losing any amount (even small) of their
deposits. In which case, partial insurance is likely to be ineffective. The dilemma,
therefore, is that deposit protection is likely to be either ineffective if it is partial, or
subject to moral hazard in the event that it is complete.



. Moral hazard. Serious moral hazard issues have been created with respect to
depositor protection and the role of the BOE’s money market operations
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
The NR affair brought to the surface underling weaknesses and inconsistencies in the UK’s deposit protection scheme (DPS) designed to compensate depositors in the event ofa bank’s insolvency. Deposit protection serves three main purposes: (1) to offer adegree of social protection to holders of small bank deposits, (2) to remove the incentivefor contagious bank runs, and (3) to make it easier and, to some extent, less costly toallow banks to fail. The original purpose when it was first introduced in the US in the1930s was to remove the incentive to withdraw deposits from solvent banks when otherbanks were failing: in this sense, it was designed more as an instrument of financialstability than consumer protection. Two central issues, both of which emerged in the debate about NR’s predicament, relateto coverage (what limit should be placed on the size of deposits protected, and whether,for instance, inter-bank deposits should be included), and the element of co-insurance(i.e. whether, as in most insurance, cover within the limit is to be less than total). Hereinlies the central dilemma of deposit protection. If coverage is total (there is no coinsurance)a seriousmoralhazardriskarisesinfour respects.Firstly,depositorshave noincentivetoconsidertheriskcharacteristicsof theirbanks. Secondly,theymighthaveincentives(aswasallegedlythecaseintheUSSavingsandLoans crisis)todeliberatelyseekouthigh-riskbanks because,ifthebanksdidnot faildepositorswouldretainthegenerallyhigherinterestrates beingoffered,whereasif theywereto faildepositorswouldbe fullycompensated.Thisamounts to aone-way put optioninfavour ofchoosinghigh-risk banks. Thirdly, banks might also have incentives to adopt high-risk profiles because they know their depositors will be protected in the event of failure. Fourthly, ifprotection is total the pricing of risk is distorted as it is no longer necessary to offerdepositors a risk premium in the rate of interest which effectively subsidises risk andcauses it to be under-priced. The existence of deposit protection represents a powerfulcase for the regulation of banks: to avoid the moral hazard being exploited. The other part of the dilemma, however, is that if coverage is less than complete, andthere is an element of co-insurance, depositors will withdraw deposits in the event thatdoubts arise about the solvency of a bank. Depositors are likely to withdraw funds in theevent that they are exposed to any risk of losing any amount (even small) of theirdeposits. In which case, partial insurance is likely to be ineffective. The dilemma,therefore, is that deposit protection is likely to be either ineffective if it is partial, orsubject to moral hazard in the event that it is complete.. Moral hazard. Serious moral hazard issues have been created with respect todepositor protection and the role of the BOE’s money market operations
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
NR urusan dibawa ke kelemahan bawahan permukaan dan inkonsistensi dalam
skema perlindungan deposito Inggris (DPS) yang dirancang untuk mengkompensasi deposan dalam hal
kepailitan bank. Perlindungan Deposit melayani tiga tujuan utama: (1) untuk menawarkan
tingkat perlindungan sosial bagi pemegang deposito bank kecil, (2) untuk menghapus insentif
untuk bank runs menular, dan (3) untuk memudahkan dan, sampai batas tertentu, lebih murah untuk
memungkinkan bank gagal. Tujuan awal ketika pertama kali diperkenalkan di Amerika Serikat pada
tahun 1930-an adalah untuk menghapus insentif untuk menarik simpanan dari bank pelarut saat lain
bank gagal: dalam pengertian ini, ia dirancang lebih sebagai instrumen
keuangan. Stabilitas dari perlindungan konsumen
Dua isu sentral, baik yang muncul dalam perdebatan tentang keadaan NR ini, berhubungan
dengan cakupan (apa batas harus ditempatkan pada ukuran deposito dilindungi, dan apakah,
misalnya, deposito antar bank harus dimasukkan), dan unsur co -Asuransi
(yaitu apakah, seperti dalam kebanyakan asuransi, mencakup dalam batas tersebut menjadi kurang dari total). Di sinilah
letak dilema pusat perlindungan deposito. Jika cakupan total (tidak ada coinsurance)
serius
moral yang
bahaya
risiko
muncul
di
empat hal.
Pertama,
deposan
tidak memiliki
insentif
untuk
mempertimbangkan
dengan
risiko
karakteristik
dari mereka
bank. Kedua,
mereka
mungkin
memiliki
insentif
(seperti
yang
diduga
para
kasus
di
dalam
AS
Tabungan
dan
krisis Pinjaman)
untuk
sengaja mencari tahu berisiko tinggi bank karena, jika para bank tidak tidak gagal deposan akan mempertahankan yang umumnya lebih tinggi bunga tarif yang ditawarkan, sedangkan jika mereka yang gagal deposan akan sepenuhnya kompensasi. Ini jumlah ke satu arah put option di mendukung memilih bank berisiko tinggi. Ketiga, bank mungkin juga memiliki insentif untuk mengadopsi profil berisiko tinggi karena mereka tahu deposan mereka akan dilindungi jika terjadi kegagalan. Keempat, jika perlindungan total harga risiko terdistorsi karena tidak lagi diperlukan untuk menawarkan deposan premi risiko dalam suku bunga yang secara efektif mensubsidi risiko dan menyebabkannya berada di bawah harga. Adanya perlindungan deposito merupakan kuat kasus untuk regulasi bank:. Untuk menghindari moral hazard dieksploitasi Bagian lain dari dilema, bagaimanapun, adalah bahwa jika cakupan kurang dari selesai, dan ada unsur dari co-asuransi , deposan akan menarik diri deposito dalam hal meragukan muncul tentang solvabilitas bank. Deposan cenderung menarik dana dalam acara yang mereka terkena setiap risiko kehilangan setiap jumlah (bahkan kecil) dari mereka deposito. Dalam hal ini, asuransi parsial cenderung tidak efektif. Dilema, karena itu, adalah bahwa perlindungan deposit mungkin tidak efektif jika parsial, atau tunduk moral hazard dalam hal itu selesai.. Moral hazard. Masalah moral hazard yang serius telah dibuat sehubungan dengan deposan perlindungan dan peran operasi pasar uang BOE





















































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