Voice-onset timeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaVoice-onset time+ terjemahan - Voice-onset timeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaVoice-onset time+ Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Voice-onset timeFrom Wikipedia, the

Voice-onset time
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Voice-onset time
+ Aspirated
0 Tenuis
− Voiced

In phonetics, voice-onset time (VOT) is a feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing, the vibration of the vocal folds, or, according to other authors, periodicity. Some authors allow negative values to mark voicing that begins during the period of articulatory closure for the consonant and continues in the release, for those unaspirated voiced stops in which there is no voicing present at the instant of articulatory closure.

History

The concept of voice-onset time can be traced back as far as in the 19th century, when Adjarian (1899: 119)[1] studied the Armenian stops, and characterized them by the "relation qui existe entre deux moments : celui où la consonne éclate par l'effet de l'expulsion de l'air hors de la bouche, ou explosion, et celui où le larynx entre en vibration" (relation that exists between two moments: the one when the consonant bursts when the air is released out of the mouth, or explosion, and the one when larynx starts vibrating). However, the concept will become "popular" only in the 1960s, in a context described by Lin & Wang (2011: 514):[2] "At that time, there was an ongoing debate about which phonetic attribute would allow voiced and voiceless stops to be effectively distinguished. For instance, voicing, aspiration, and articulatory force were some of the attributes being studied regularly. In English, "voicing" can successfully separate /b, d, ɡ/ from /p, t, k/ when stops are at word-medial positions, but this is not always true for word-initial stops. Strictly speaking, word-initial voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are only partially voiced, and sometimes are even voiceless." The concept of VOT will finally acquire its name in the famous study of Lisker & Abramson (1964).[3]
Analytic problems

A number of problems arose in defining VOT in some languages, and there is a call for reconsidering whether this speech synthesis parameter should be used to replace articulatory or aerodynamic model parameters which do not have these problems, and which have a stronger explanatory significance.[4] As in the discussion below, any explication of VOT variations will invariably lead back to such aerodynamic and articulatory concepts, and there is no reason presented why VOT adds to an analysis, other than that, as an acoustic parameter, it may sometimes be easier to measure than an aerodynamic parameter (pressure or airflow) or an articulatory parameter (closure interval or the duration, extent and timing of a vocal fold abductory gesture).
Types
Voice-Onset Timing spectrograms for English "die" and "tie". The voiceless gap between release and voicing is highlighted in red. Here the phoneme /t/ has a VOT of 95 ms., and /d/ has one of 25 ms.

Three major phonation types of stops can be analyzed in terms of their voice-onset time.

Simple unaspirated voiceless stops, sometimes called "tenuis" stops, have a voice-onset time at or near zero, meaning that the voicing of a following sonorant (such as a vowel) begins at or near to when the stop is released. (An offset of 15 ms or less on [t] and 30 ms or less on [k] is inaudible, and counts as tenuis.)
Aspirated stops followed by a sonorant have a voice-onset time greater than this amount, called a positive VOT. The length of the VOT in such cases is a practical measure of aspiration: The longer the VOT, the stronger the aspiration. In Navajo, for example, which is strongly aspirated, the aspiration (and therefore the VOT) lasts twice as long as it does in English: 160ms vs. 80ms for [kʰ], and 45ms for [k]. Some languages have weaker aspiration than English. For velar stops, tenuis [k] typically has a VOT of 20-30 ms, weakly aspirated [k] of some 50-60 ms, moderately aspirated [kʰ] averages 80–90 ms, and anything much over 100 ms would be considered strong aspiration. (Another phonation, breathy voice, is commonly called voiced aspiration; in order for the VOT measure to apply to it, VOT needs to be understood as the onset of modal voicing. Of course, an aspirated consonant will not always be followed by a voiced sound, in which case VOT cannot be used to measure it.)
Voiced stops have a voice-onset time noticeably less than zero, a "negative VOT", meaning the vocal cords start vibrating before the stop is released. With a "fully voiced stop", the VOT coincides with the onset of the stop; with a "partially voiced stop", such as English [b, d, ɡ] in initial position, voicing begins sometime during the closure (occlusion) of the consonant.

Because neither aspiration nor voicing is absolute, with intermediate degrees of both, the relative terms fortis and lenis are often used to describe a binary opposition between a series of consonants with higher (more positive) VOT, defined as fortis, and a second series with lower (more negative)
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Voice-onset timeFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaVoice-onset time+ Aspirated0 Tenuis− VoicedIn phonetics, voice-onset time (VOT) is a feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing, the vibration of the vocal folds, or, according to other authors, periodicity. Some authors allow negative values to mark voicing that begins during the period of articulatory closure for the consonant and continues in the release, for those unaspirated voiced stops in which there is no voicing present at the instant of articulatory closure.HistoryThe concept of voice-onset time can be traced back as far as in the 19th century, when Adjarian (1899: 119)[1] studied the Armenian stops, and characterized them by the "relation qui existe entre deux moments : celui où la consonne éclate par l'effet de l'expulsion de l'air hors de la bouche, ou explosion, et celui où le larynx entre en vibration" (relation that exists between two moments: the one when the consonant bursts when the air is released out of the mouth, or explosion, and the one when larynx starts vibrating). However, the concept will become "popular" only in the 1960s, in a context described by Lin & Wang (2011: 514):[2] "At that time, there was an ongoing debate about which phonetic attribute would allow voiced and voiceless stops to be effectively distinguished. For instance, voicing, aspiration, and articulatory force were some of the attributes being studied regularly. In English, "voicing" can successfully separate /b, d, ɡ/ from /p, t, k/ when stops are at word-medial positions, but this is not always true for word-initial stops. Strictly speaking, word-initial voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ are only partially voiced, and sometimes are even voiceless." The concept of VOT will finally acquire its name in the famous study of Lisker & Abramson (1964).[3]Analytic problemsA number of problems arose in defining VOT in some languages, and there is a call for reconsidering whether this speech synthesis parameter should be used to replace articulatory or aerodynamic model parameters which do not have these problems, and which have a stronger explanatory significance.[4] As in the discussion below, any explication of VOT variations will invariably lead back to such aerodynamic and articulatory concepts, and there is no reason presented why VOT adds to an analysis, other than that, as an acoustic parameter, it may sometimes be easier to measure than an aerodynamic parameter (pressure or airflow) or an articulatory parameter (closure interval or the duration, extent and timing of a vocal fold abductory gesture).TypesVoice-Onset Timing spectrograms for English "die" and "tie". The voiceless gap between release and voicing is highlighted in red. Here the phoneme /t/ has a VOT of 95 ms., and /d/ has one of 25 ms.Three major phonation types of stops can be analyzed in terms of their voice-onset time. Simple unaspirated voiceless stops, sometimes called "tenuis" stops, have a voice-onset time at or near zero, meaning that the voicing of a following sonorant (such as a vowel) begins at or near to when the stop is released. (An offset of 15 ms or less on [t] and 30 ms or less on [k] is inaudible, and counts as tenuis.) Aspirated stops followed by a sonorant have a voice-onset time greater than this amount, called a positive VOT. The length of the VOT in such cases is a practical measure of aspiration: The longer the VOT, the stronger the aspiration. In Navajo, for example, which is strongly aspirated, the aspiration (and therefore the VOT) lasts twice as long as it does in English: 160ms vs. 80ms for [kʰ], and 45ms for [k]. Some languages have weaker aspiration than English. For velar stops, tenuis [k] typically has a VOT of 20-30 ms, weakly aspirated [k] of some 50-60 ms, moderately aspirated [kʰ] averages 80–90 ms, and anything much over 100 ms would be considered strong aspiration. (Another phonation, breathy voice, is commonly called voiced aspiration; in order for the VOT measure to apply to it, VOT needs to be understood as the onset of modal voicing. Of course, an aspirated consonant will not always be followed by a voiced sound, in which case VOT cannot be used to measure it.) Voiced stops have a voice-onset time noticeably less than zero, a "negative VOT", meaning the vocal cords start vibrating before the stop is released. With a "fully voiced stop", the VOT coincides with the onset of the stop; with a "partially voiced stop", such as English [b, d, ɡ] in initial position, voicing begins sometime during the closure (occlusion) of the consonant.Because neither aspiration nor voicing is absolute, with intermediate degrees of both, the relative terms fortis and lenis are often used to describe a binary opposition between a series of consonants with higher (more positive) VOT, defined as fortis, and a second series with lower (more negative)
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Waktu suara-onset
Dari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas
suara-onset waktu
+ disedot
0 tenuis
- Pengisi suara

Dalam fonetik, waktu suara-onset (VOT) adalah fitur dari produksi konsonan stop. Hal ini didefinisikan sebagai lamanya waktu yang berlalu antara pelepasan berhenti konsonan dan timbulnya menyuarakan, getaran pita suara, atau, menurut penulis lain, periodisitas. Beberapa penulis memungkinkan nilai-nilai negatif untuk menandai menyuarakan yang dimulai selama periode artikulatoris penutupan konsonan dan terus dalam rilis, bagi mereka berhenti menyuarakan diaspirasikan di mana tidak ada menyuarakan hadir pada instan artikulatoris penutupan.

Sejarah

Konsep voice- waktu onset dapat ditelusuri kembali sejauh abad ke-19, ketika Adjarian (1899: 119) [1] mempelajari berhenti Armenia, dan ditandai mereka dengan "hubungan qui existe entre deux saat: celui où la consonne éclate par l ' effet de l'pengusiran de l'hors pesawat de la bouche, ledakan ou, et celui où le laring entre en getaran "(hubungan yang ada antara dua momen: satu ketika semburan konsonan ketika udara dilepaskan dari mulut, atau ledakan, dan satu ketika laring mulai bergetar). Namun, konsep ini akan menjadi "populer" hanya pada tahun 1960, dalam konteks yang dijelaskan oleh Lin & Wang (2011: 514): [2] "Pada waktu itu, ada perdebatan tentang yang atribut fonetik akan memungkinkan bersuara dan bersuara berhenti menjadi efektif dibedakan. misalnya, menyuarakan, aspirasi, dan kekuatan artikulasi yang beberapa atribut yang diteliti secara teratur. dalam bahasa Inggris, "menyuarakan" bisa berhasil terpisah / b, d, ɡ / dari / p, t, k / ketika berhenti berada di posisi kata-medial, tapi ini tidak selalu benar untuk kata-awal berhenti. sebenarnya, kata-awal bersuara berhenti / b, d, ɡ / hanya sebagian disuarakan, dan kadang-kadang bahkan bersuara. " Konsep VOT akhirnya akan memperoleh namanya dalam studi terkenal Lisker & Abramson (1964). [3]
masalah Analytic

Sejumlah masalah muncul dalam mendefinisikan VOT dalam beberapa bahasa, dan ada panggilan untuk mempertimbangkan kembali apakah ini parameter sintesis pidato harus digunakan untuk menggantikan artikulasi atau model aerodinamis parameter yang tidak memiliki masalah ini, dan yang memiliki makna jelas lebih kuat. [4] Seperti dalam diskusi di bawah, setiap penjelasan dari variasi VOT akan selalu mengarah kembali ke konsep aerodinamis dan artikulasi tersebut, dan tidak ada alasan disajikan mengapa VOT menambah analisis, selain itu, sebagai parameter akustik, mungkin kadang-kadang lebih mudah untuk mengukur dari satu parameter aerodinamis (tekanan atau aliran udara) atau parameter artikulasi (selang penutupan atau durasi, tingkat dan waktu dari lipatan sikap abductory vokal).
Jenis
suara-Onset timing spektogram untuk bahasa Inggris "mati" dan "mengikat". Kesenjangan bersuara antara rilis dan menyuarakan disorot dalam warna merah. Berikut fonem / t / memiliki VOT dari 95 ms., Dan / d / telah salah satu dari 25 ms.

Tiga jenis fonasi utama berhenti dapat dianalisis dari segi waktu suara-onset mereka.

Sederhana bersuara diaspirasikan berhenti, kadang-kadang disebut " tenuis "berhenti, memiliki waktu suara-onset pada atau mendekati nol, yang berarti bahwa penyuaraan dari sonoran berikut (seperti vokal) dimulai pada atau dekat ketika berhenti dilepaskan. (An offset 15 ms atau kurang pada [t] dan 30 ms atau kurang pada [k] adalah tak terdengar, dan dianggap sebagai tenuis.)
Disedot berhenti diikuti oleh sonoran sebuah memiliki waktu suara-onset lebih besar dari jumlah ini, disebut positif VOT. Panjang VOT dalam kasus tersebut adalah ukuran praktis aspirasi: Semakin lama VOT, semakin kuat aspirasi. Di Navajo, misalnya, yang sangat disedot, aspirasi (dan karena itu VOT) berlangsung dua kali lebih lama seperti halnya dalam bahasa Inggris: 160ms vs 80ms untuk [k], dan 45ms untuk [k]. Beberapa bahasa memiliki aspirasi lebih lemah dari bahasa Inggris. Untuk berhenti velar, tenuis [k] biasanya memiliki VOT 20-30 ms, disedot lemah [k] dari beberapa 50-60 ms, cukup disedot [K] rata-rata 80-90 ms, dan apa pun banyak lebih dari 100 ms akan dianggap aspirasi yang kuat. (Fonasi lain, suara desah, yang biasa disebut aspirasi bersuara, agar ukuran VOT untuk menerapkan untuk itu, VOT perlu dipahami sebagai timbulnya menyuarakan modal Tentu saja, sebuah konsonan disedot tidak akan selalu diikuti dengan bersuara. suara, dalam hal ini VOT tidak dapat digunakan untuk mengukurnya.)
Pengisi suara berhenti memiliki waktu suara-onset terasa kurang dari nol, "VOT negatif", yang berarti pita suara mulai bergetar sebelum berhenti dilepaskan. Dengan "berhenti sepenuhnya menyuarakan", VOT bertepatan dengan timbulnya berhenti; dengan "berhenti sebagian menyuarakan", seperti bahasa Inggris [b, d, ɡ] pada posisi awal, menyuarakan dimulai sekitar tahun penutupan (oklusi) konsonan.

Karena tidak aspirasi atau menyuarakan adalah mutlak, dengan derajat menengah keduanya, secara relatif fortis dan Lenis sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan oposisi biner antara serangkaian konsonan dengan tinggi VOT (lebih positif), yang didefinisikan sebagai fortis, dan seri kedua dengan rendah (lebih negatif)
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