pike's total work arose from a struggle to describe empirical data (es terjemahan - pike's total work arose from a struggle to describe empirical data (es Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

pike's total work arose from a stru

pike's total work arose from a struggle to describe empirical data (especially the mixtec and mazatec languages of mexico) in the absence of a satisfactory bassis in the current literature (LB 5, 34). with a team of students and colleagues, including his wife evelyn and his sister eunice, he developed principles for the analysis of scores of languages, chiefly under the auspices of the summer institute of linguistics, which by 1964 had studied more than 350 languages (LB 9) (cf. 5.89; 12.56). pike himself often took the first steps in the analysis of various languages of asia, africa, australia, new guinea, europe, and north america (LB 29f). through such uses, the approach began to meet many requirements on theory and method and to provide the theoritical basis for notions previously postulated on empirical grounds (LB 555n, 398) (cf. 12.43)
5.3 pike's tagmemic approach differed from mainstream american linguistics in many ways (cf. 5.6, 30, 35, 54ff, 61f), but most of all in it's sheer elaboration and complexiity. The organization of languages was to be treated in: (a) variable depth of focus determining which data or aspects merited attention (5.16); (b) a dyad of approaches (etic, emic) to units seen either outside or inside a system (5. 22); (c) a triad of views (particle, wave, field) on the interrelatedness of units (discrete, continuous, arrayed) (5. 31f); (d) a matching triad of odes (feature, manifestation, distribution) (5.33); (e) a triad of hierarchies (phonological, lexical, grammatical) (5.36f, 39f); (f) a structure of indefinitely many levels ( morpheme, word, phrase, etc), arranged chiefly according to unite size (5.34f); (g) a miscellany of styles related to social and geographical dialects, social roles, individual personalities, emotions, or voice quality (5.82); and so on. although pike gives sporadic examples from many languages, he nowhere fully alayses a discourse in terms of al or even most of these constructs. their justification rests mainly on theoritical arguments that are sometimes intricate and provisional, as can be expected for so complicated an approach.
5.4 this profusion is partly offset by the absence of familiar schemes and dichotomies. the parts of speech are not reconstructed (cf. 5.73). mainly to facilitate data-gathering, the division into langue and parole is expressly discarded, and language is not separated from non-language, nor verbal from non-verbal (cf. 5.7f, 25, 32, 48). the observer is included in the observation, and the analyst in the analysis ( (cf. 5.9, 11, 16, 22f, 36, 44, 71). from and meaning are handled not in opposition but as two sides of a composite (cf.5.48, 64, 76). and above all, language is unified with human behavior as the book's title portends.
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pike's total work arose from a struggle to describe empirical data (especially the mixtec and mazatec languages of mexico) in the absence of a satisfactory bassis in the current literature (LB 5, 34). with a team of students and colleagues, including his wife evelyn and his sister eunice, he developed principles for the analysis of scores of languages, chiefly under the auspices of the summer institute of linguistics, which by 1964 had studied more than 350 languages (LB 9) (cf. 5.89; 12.56). pike himself often took the first steps in the analysis of various languages of asia, africa, australia, new guinea, europe, and north america (LB 29f). through such uses, the approach began to meet many requirements on theory and method and to provide the theoritical basis for notions previously postulated on empirical grounds (LB 555n, 398) (cf. 12.43)5.3 pike's tagmemic approach differed from mainstream american linguistics in many ways (cf. 5.6, 30, 35, 54ff, 61f), but most of all in it's sheer elaboration and complexiity. The organization of languages was to be treated in: (a) variable depth of focus determining which data or aspects merited attention (5.16); (b) a dyad of approaches (etic, emic) to units seen either outside or inside a system (5. 22); (c) a triad of views (particle, wave, field) on the interrelatedness of units (discrete, continuous, arrayed) (5. 31f); (d) a matching triad of odes (feature, manifestation, distribution) (5.33); (e) a triad of hierarchies (phonological, lexical, grammatical) (5.36f, 39f); (f) a structure of indefinitely many levels ( morpheme, word, phrase, etc), arranged chiefly according to unite size (5.34f); (g) a miscellany of styles related to social and geographical dialects, social roles, individual personalities, emotions, or voice quality (5.82); and so on. although pike gives sporadic examples from many languages, he nowhere fully alayses a discourse in terms of al or even most of these constructs. their justification rests mainly on theoritical arguments that are sometimes intricate and provisional, as can be expected for so complicated an approach.5.4 this profusion is partly offset by the absence of familiar schemes and dichotomies. the parts of speech are not reconstructed (cf. 5.73). mainly to facilitate data-gathering, the division into langue and parole is expressly discarded, and language is not separated from non-language, nor verbal from non-verbal (cf. 5.7f, 25, 32, 48). the observer is included in the observation, and the analyst in the analysis ( (cf. 5.9, 11, 16, 22f, 36, 44, 71). from and meaning are handled not in opposition but as two sides of a composite (cf.5.48, 64, 76). and above all, language is unified with human behavior as the book's title portends.
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Total pekerjaan pike ini muncul dari perjuangan untuk menggambarkan data empiris (terutama bahasa Mixtec dan Mazatec dari Meksiko) dalam tidak adanya bassis memuaskan dalam literatur saat ini (LB 5, 34). dengan tim mahasiswa dan rekan, termasuk evelyn istri dan adik eunice, ia mengembangkan prinsip-prinsip untuk analisis puluhan bahasa, terutama di bawah naungan lembaga musim panas linguistik, yang oleh 1964 telah mempelajari lebih dari 350 bahasa (LB 9) (lih 5.89; 12.56). pike dirinya sering mengambil langkah pertama dalam analisis berbagai bahasa dari asia, africa, australia, guinea baru, eropa, dan Amerika Utara (LB 29F). melalui penggunaan tersebut, pendekatan mulai memenuhi banyak persyaratan pada teori dan metode dan untuk memberikan dasar teoritis untuk gagasan sebelumnya mendalilkan alasan empiris (LB 555n, 398) (lih 12,43)
pendekatan tagmemic 5.3 pike ini berbeda dari linguistik Amerika arus utama di banyak cara (lih 5,6, 30, 35, 54ff, 61F), tetapi kebanyakan dari semua itu di elaborasi belaka dan complexiity. Organisasi bahasa itu harus dirawat di: (a) kedalaman variabel fokus menentukan data atau aspek layak perhatian (5.16); (b) angka dua pendekatan (etik, emic) ke unit terlihat baik di luar atau di dalam sistem (5. 22); (c) tiga serangkai dilihat (partikel, gelombang, bidang) pada keterkaitan unit (diskrit, kontinu, tersusun) (5. 31f); (d) tiga serangkai yang cocok dari Odes (fitur, manifestasi, distribusi) (5.33); (e) tiga serangkai hirarki (fonologi, leksikal, gramatikal) (5.36f, 39f); (f) struktur tanpa batas berbagai tingkatan (morfem, kata, frase, dll), diatur terutama menurut bersatu ukuran (5.34f); (g) varia gaya terkait dengan dialek sosial dan geografis, peran sosial, kepribadian individu, emosi, atau kualitas suara (5,82); dan sebagainya. meskipun pike memberikan contoh sporadis dari banyak bahasa, dia mana sepenuhnya alayses wacana dalam hal al atau bahkan sebagian dari konstruksi ini. pembenaran mereka bertumpu terutama pada argumen teoritis yang terkadang rumit dan sementara, seperti yang dapat diharapkan untuk jadi rumit pendekatan.
5,4 profesi ini sebagian diimbangi oleh adanya skema akrab dan dikotomi. bagian dari pidato tidak direkonstruksi (lih 5.73). terutama untuk memfasilitasi pengumpulan data, pembagian ke langue dan parole secara tegas dibuang, dan bahasa ini tak lepas dari non-bahasa, atau lisan dari non-verbal (lih 5.7f, 25, 32, 48). pengamat termasuk dalam observasi, dan analis dalam analisis ((lih 5,9, 11, 16, 22f, 36, 44, 71). dari dan makna ditangani tidak bertentangan tetapi sebagai dua sisi komposit (cf .5.48, 64, 76). dan di atas semua, bahasa disatukan dengan perilaku manusia sebagai judul buku menandakan.
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