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GFJMRVol. 5July-December, 20121The Effect ofMacroeconomic Variableson Stock Prices: A Conceptual Framework of theArbitrage Pricing TheorySingh ShivangiResearch ScholarInstitute of ManagementNirma UniversityJotwani NareshResearch ScholarInstitute of ManagementNirma Universitydhirenjotwani@hotmail.comThe relationship between fundamental macroeconomicvariables of the economy and stock markets is an essentialone.It affects the perspective of monetary and fiscal policy decisions, portfoliomanagement and economic development.It has been studied that macroeconomic variables can influence investors' investment decisions.Over the world, many researchershaveinvestigatedthe relationships between stock market prices and various macroeconomic variables. The focus of the current paperisto investigate whether the share price index can be considered as a reflection of economic activities in India. This study investigatesthe impact of five selected macroeconomic variables on Stock Market Liquidity of S&P CNX Nifty.As a result of this analysis, a simple model of the influence of macroeconomic fundamentals on the stock market index has been suggested.For better stock market performance, policy makers should put in place measures that will ensureastable macroeconomic environment.Keywords:Arbitrage Pricing Theory, Macroeconomic Fundamentals, Stock PriceMovement.GFJMRVol. 5July-December, 20122Well developed stock markets accelerate economic growth –this is done by providing liquidity, risk management tools, reducing information asymmetries and rewarding performance and efficiency. They also help raise foreign funds.INTRODUCTIONThe financial sector and the economy are always inter-related. Studies of the banking sector and stock market are quite common. Stock prices and their relationshipswith macroeconomic variables draw much attention from policy makers, academicians and practitioners. This relationship is an important area to study, especially from the perspective of monetary and fiscal policy decisions, portfolio management, and economic development. Stock markets enable public trading of listed shares. Thus, theyhelp transfer funds from surplus spenders (economic agents with excess current income over spending) to deficit spending units (economic agents with current income falling short of spending). This is done with higher efficiencyas compared to traditional financial intermediaries, through a range of complex financial products called securities. The securities that are being traded in stock markets are existing ones –hence it is called the secondary market –these securities are issued by deficitunits in the real or financial sector, to the surplus spenders in the new issue market. Thus idle and surplus funds are channelled to productive activities. According to Galbraith (1955), “
the stock
market is but a mirror, which provides an image of the u
nderlying or fundamental economic situation
”.
Well developed stock markets accelerate economic growth
–
this is done by providing liquidity, risk
management tools, reducing information asymmetries and rewarding performance and efficiency. They
also help raise foreign funds.
Households with surplus funds are provided with an additional financial instrumen
t that offers more
flexible risk and liquidity dynamics. For example, an individual investor has the option of investing for
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The basic premise of this
argument lies in the famous
“
Arbitrage Pricing Theory
”
which
broadly speaks that stock
prices are determined
by some
fundamental macroeconomic
variables
–
which can influence
investors' investment decisions.
just one day, in a project that may last ten years. He or she may invest a small sum, while the project
itself may be worth million
s.
A well developed market can serve all types of lenders and borrowers.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND:
LITERATURE REVIEW
The f
inancial literature has
included
various theoretical and empirical studies analysing the relationship
between stock market returns and macroeconomic for
ces during the last few decades.
The basic premise
of this argument lies in the famous “
Arbitrage Pricing Theory
” given by Ross (1976).
It broadly speaks
that stock prices are determined by some fundamental macroeconomic variables
–
which
can influence
inv
estors' investment decisions
.
Many authors have selected various macroeconomic variables seeking
to detect their relationship with stock market prices in several countries. Concurrently, a number of
econometric techniques
can be used, which include:
impulse response function
s
, error variance
decomposition analysis, vector error correction model, co
-
integration analysis,
Granger causality tests
and others
.
These
may be
to
check the existence of relationship between stock market prices and
macroeconomic
variables.
The focus of the present study is not new;
it is a well
-
researched area and some
studies obviously deserve special
attention.
Aggarwal (1981) found that US
stock prices are positively correlated with
the ‘trade weighted’ dollars. Soenen and
H
ennigar (1988) have found a strong
negative correlation between US stock
prices and ‘15
-
currency
-
weighted value’
of the dollar. Ma and Kao (1990)
provided some explanations for these contradictory evidences. Their study, based on six industrially
developed
economies, suggests that the currency appreciation has a negative effect on the stock market
of export
-
dominant economies and boosts the stock market of import
-
dominant economies.
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Economic literature
widely supports the
existence of joint
determination
between stock prices
and exchange rates.
Recently, there is a shift in the attention of researchers who are not onl
y interested to study the link but
also the direction of the causality between some of the key macroeconomic variables and stock prices.
Using co
-
integration and Granger causality, Bahmani
-
Oskooee and Sohrabian
(1992) have shown that
there is bidirectional
causality between stock price index (S&P 500) and effective exchange rates of
dollar. Ajayi and Mougoue (1996) examined the relationship between the two variables and found that
especially in the short
-
run for the markets in the US and the UK, an increase
in stock prices causes the
currency to depreciate. The study concluded that a rising stock market is an indicator of an expanding
economy which goes together with higher inflation expectations.
Foreign investors discount this signal
negatively and their d
emand for the currency of the economy with a booming stock market falls and it
depreciates.
Granger
et al.
(2000) investigated t
he bidirectional causality between currency depreciation and
declining stock prices, in the context of the
great Asian Crisis of 1997. They have argued that in the
markets with high capital
mobility, it is the capital
flows and not the trade
flows that det
ermine the
daily demand for currency.
As stock prices in a
particular currency fall,
foreign investors sell these
assets, hence leading to
currency depreciation.
Hence, they hypothesized
that currency will depreciate
if stock market declines,
and the stock
prices are
expected to react
ambiguously to exchange
rates
.
This is because
depreciation of currency
could either rise or lower the value of a company depending on whether the company mainly imports or
exports.
In addition,
Granger
et al.
(2000) found a strong relationship between the exchange rates and stock
prices but found no certain net effect to predict the relationship when the ‘index’ of stock prices is
considered. The causality is unidirectional with negative relationship for some c
ountries and
bidirectional for some others without a definite vector. The wide disparity of the empirical results
amongst the seven Asian countries under their study points to the fact that there is no definite clue for
the direction of causality between t
he two markets.
Economic literature widely supports the existence of
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