Dyslexia, or developmental reading

Dyslexia, or developmental reading disorder,[1] is characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension despite normal or above-average intelligence.[2][3] This includes difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, processing speed, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, language skills/verbal comprehension, and/or rapid naming.[4][5][6]

Dyslexia is the most common learning difficulty[7] and most recognized reading disorder. There are other reading difficulties that are unrelated to dyslexia.

Some see dyslexia as distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or poor or inadequate reading instruction.[8][9] There are three proposed cognitive subtypes of dyslexia (auditory, visual and attentional), although individual cases of dyslexia are better explained by specific underlying neuropsychological deficits (e.g. an auditory processing disorder, an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a visual processing disorder) and co-occurring learning difficulties (e.g. dyscalculia and dysgraphia).[10][11][12][13][14][15] Although it is considered to be a receptive (afferent) language-based learning disability in the research literature, dyslexia also affects one's expressive (efferent) language skills.[16] Researchers at MIT found that people with dyslexia exhibited impaired voice-recognition abilities.[17] A study published online (and in the July issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics), reported a possible genetic origin to the disorder, and other learning disabilities, that could help lead in some cases to earlier diagnoses and more successful interventions.

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Dyslexia, atau gangguan perkembangan membaca, [1] dicirikan oleh kesulitan belajar membaca dengan lancar dan dengan pemahaman yang akurat meskipun kecerdasan normal atau di atas rata-rata.[2][3] ini termasuk kesulitan dengan fonologis kesadaran, decoding fonologi, kecepatan pemrosesan, ortografi coding, memori jangka pendek pendengaran, pemahaman bahasa ketrampilan verbal, dan penamaan cepat.[4][5][6]Dyslexia kesulitan belajar paling umum [7] dan paling diakui membaca gangguan. Ada kesulitan membaca lain yang terkait dengan disleksia.Beberapa melihat dyslexia berbeda dari membaca kesulitan akibat dari penyebab lain, seperti kekurangan bebas-neurologis dengan penglihatan atau pendengaran, atau miskin atau tidak memadai membaca instruksi.[8][9] ada tiga subtipe kognitif yang diusulkan Dyslexia (pendengaran, visual dan attentional), meskipun kasus-kasus individu Dyslexia lebih baik dijelaskan dengan spesifik mendasari neuropsychological defisit (misalnya proses pendengaran gangguan, perhatian defisit hiperaktif disorder, gangguan pemrosesan visual) dan turut terjadi kesulitan (misalnya dyscalculia dan dysgraphia).[10][11][12][13][14][15] Meskipun dianggap menjadi reseptif (aferen) berbasis bahasa ketidakmampuan belajar dalam literatur penelitian, disleksia juga mempengaruhi kemampuan ekspresif bahasa (eferen) seseorang.[16] peneliti MIT menemukan bahwa orang dengan dyslexia dipamerkan kemampuan pengenalan suara yang terganggu.[17] sebuah penelitian yang diterbitkan online (dan dalam edisi Juli American Journal of Human Genetics), dilaporkan kemungkinan asal genetik gangguan, dan ketidakmampuan belajar lainnya, yang bisa membantu menyebabkan dalam beberapa kasus sebelumnya diagnosa dan intervensi lebih sukses.