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B1 EU Solvency II Directive – scope

B1 EU Solvency II Directive – scope

EU and insurance – Historical background
Ever since the Treaty of Rome (1957), the EU has been working to create a single market for all its trading activities, as this would bring both economic and social benefits to the community. In respect of insurance, this has meant attempting to eliminate difference between member states in terms of insurance law; insurance practice; State supervision; and how products are bought and sold. This has resulted in a steady stream of EU Directives that have had to be interpreted by individual countries, absorbed into local legislation, and so enable a common European regulatory framework for insurance to be built up.

For the future regulation of insurance, the EU has decided to adopt a modified form of the latest version of Basel II that is based on three underlying common concepts known as ‘Pillars’. Although Basel II was designed primarily as a method of ensuring adequate capital in regulated firms through risk management, the EU are adapting with the aim of protecting the customer. This might well result in rather contorted regulations.

Despite the many practical difficulties, work on the new regulatory regime continues to progress, albeit slowly. The next milestone is expected to be a risk-based Solvency Directive (like the IAIS project to be known as Solvency II). It is intended to give greater transparency, better policy protection and more flexibility for regulators. Like most other EU regulatory initiatives. Solvency II involves much international consultation and it might take some time before and agreed version is implemented by regulators in all member states.

Despite its name, the EU Solvency II Directive is not restricted to the capital requirements of insurance companies. It introduces the above risk-based Basel II approach into insurance regulation and takes the opportunity to consolidate 14 of the previous insurance-related EU Directives into a single document. It also incorporates recent thinking on corporate governance, risk management, and international accounting standards. Solvency II is discussed in more depth in the next chapter.

C Distinction between Prudential and Conduct of Business regulation
As was mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, regulators draw a distinction between the high level regulatory rules, which they might refer to as supervision, and the lower level regulation of the way firms carry out their business. In some regimes these two levels may be dealt with by different regulatory bodies and conduct of business may possibly be self-regulated by the industry itself. Indeed, until 2005 conduct of business for non-life firms was self-regulated in the UK. These two levels of regulation are visible within the FSA regime, and the rules applying to each are largely, but not completely, placed in different parts of the FSA Handbook.

The FSA calls its high level rules Prudential regulation. It defines this as regulation in relation to activities carried out by a firm, the context in which the activities have, or might reasonably be regarded as likely to have, a negative effect on:
a) confidence in the financial system; or
b) the ability of the firm to meet either:
i. the fit and proper test in the threshold condition; or
ii. the applicable requirement and standards under the regulatory system relating to the firm’s financial resources.

Prudential regulation tends to be found in the High Level Standards and Prudential Standards blocks of the FSA Handbook.

The lower level rules are referred to as Conduct of Business regulation. The FSA defines this as the detailed requirements relating to firm’s day-to-day business. This type of regulation tends to be found in the Business Standards block.

Of course there are other rules in the Handbook that do not appear to fit precisely into either category. Nevertheless, this broad distinction is quite helpful and is used throughout the industry.

D Outline of FSA Handbook and current initiatives
D1 Background
It is presumed that you will be familiar with the FSA Handbook. The purpose of this section is therefore merely to provide a reminder of some of the more important features and to draw attention to its impact on the corporate management of insurance firms.

D2 Basic structure of the FSA Handbook
The FSA Handbook is divided into general subject areas called blocks, each of which comprises a number of sourcebooks or manuals, some of which apply to all regulated firms while others only apply to firms in specific businesses. Each sourcebook has been given a reference code that is an abbreviation such as ‘PRIN’, which is used a prefix for any regulation or guidance in that particular area or subject matter.

Understanding FSA terminology
The status of each of the paragraphs in a sourcebook is shown by the following designators:
R – Rule (has the status of law and must be followed).
P – Principle (effectively as powerful as a Rule, but has no legal status).
G – Guidance (indicates how a Rule may be compiled with).
D – Direction (minor Rule).
(Thus, DISP 1, 5.4 R Reporting Complaints to the FSA is found in the Redress Block in the Dispute Resolution: Complaints Sourcebook, which has (DISP) Reference Code, under paragraph 1,5.4 and it is a rule so must be obeyed.)

The FSA Handbook is designed so that some sourcebooks apply to all regulated firms, irrespective of sector. Others, however, apply only to specified sectors or even to particular activities. For example, sourcebooks in the High Level Standards block apply to every firm. On the other hand, the Insurance: Conduct of Business (ICOBS) sourcebook applies only to those selling, or giving advice on, insurance products.





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B1 EU Solvency II Directive – scopeEU and insurance – Historical backgroundEver since the Treaty of Rome (1957), the EU has been working to create a single market for all its trading activities, as this would bring both economic and social benefits to the community. In respect of insurance, this has meant attempting to eliminate difference between member states in terms of insurance law; insurance practice; State supervision; and how products are bought and sold. This has resulted in a steady stream of EU Directives that have had to be interpreted by individual countries, absorbed into local legislation, and so enable a common European regulatory framework for insurance to be built up.For the future regulation of insurance, the EU has decided to adopt a modified form of the latest version of Basel II that is based on three underlying common concepts known as ‘Pillars’. Although Basel II was designed primarily as a method of ensuring adequate capital in regulated firms through risk management, the EU are adapting with the aim of protecting the customer. This might well result in rather contorted regulations.Despite the many practical difficulties, work on the new regulatory regime continues to progress, albeit slowly. The next milestone is expected to be a risk-based Solvency Directive (like the IAIS project to be known as Solvency II). It is intended to give greater transparency, better policy protection and more flexibility for regulators. Like most other EU regulatory initiatives. Solvency II involves much international consultation and it might take some time before and agreed version is implemented by regulators in all member states.
Despite its name, the EU Solvency II Directive is not restricted to the capital requirements of insurance companies. It introduces the above risk-based Basel II approach into insurance regulation and takes the opportunity to consolidate 14 of the previous insurance-related EU Directives into a single document. It also incorporates recent thinking on corporate governance, risk management, and international accounting standards. Solvency II is discussed in more depth in the next chapter.

C Distinction between Prudential and Conduct of Business regulation
As was mentioned in the introduction to this chapter, regulators draw a distinction between the high level regulatory rules, which they might refer to as supervision, and the lower level regulation of the way firms carry out their business. In some regimes these two levels may be dealt with by different regulatory bodies and conduct of business may possibly be self-regulated by the industry itself. Indeed, until 2005 conduct of business for non-life firms was self-regulated in the UK. These two levels of regulation are visible within the FSA regime, and the rules applying to each are largely, but not completely, placed in different parts of the FSA Handbook.

The FSA calls its high level rules Prudential regulation. It defines this as regulation in relation to activities carried out by a firm, the context in which the activities have, or might reasonably be regarded as likely to have, a negative effect on:
a) confidence in the financial system; or
b) the ability of the firm to meet either:
i. the fit and proper test in the threshold condition; or
ii. the applicable requirement and standards under the regulatory system relating to the firm’s financial resources.

Prudential regulation tends to be found in the High Level Standards and Prudential Standards blocks of the FSA Handbook.

The lower level rules are referred to as Conduct of Business regulation. The FSA defines this as the detailed requirements relating to firm’s day-to-day business. This type of regulation tends to be found in the Business Standards block.

Of course there are other rules in the Handbook that do not appear to fit precisely into either category. Nevertheless, this broad distinction is quite helpful and is used throughout the industry.

D Outline of FSA Handbook and current initiatives
D1 Background
It is presumed that you will be familiar with the FSA Handbook. The purpose of this section is therefore merely to provide a reminder of some of the more important features and to draw attention to its impact on the corporate management of insurance firms.

D2 Basic structure of the FSA Handbook
The FSA Handbook is divided into general subject areas called blocks, each of which comprises a number of sourcebooks or manuals, some of which apply to all regulated firms while others only apply to firms in specific businesses. Each sourcebook has been given a reference code that is an abbreviation such as ‘PRIN’, which is used a prefix for any regulation or guidance in that particular area or subject matter.

Understanding FSA terminology
The status of each of the paragraphs in a sourcebook is shown by the following designators:
R – Rule (has the status of law and must be followed).
P – Principle (effectively as powerful as a Rule, but has no legal status).
G – Guidance (indicates how a Rule may be compiled with).
D – Direction (minor Rule).
(Thus, DISP 1, 5.4 R Reporting Complaints to the FSA is found in the Redress Block in the Dispute Resolution: Complaints Sourcebook, which has (DISP) Reference Code, under paragraph 1,5.4 and it is a rule so must be obeyed.)

The FSA Handbook is designed so that some sourcebooks apply to all regulated firms, irrespective of sector. Others, however, apply only to specified sectors or even to particular activities. For example, sourcebooks in the High Level Standards block apply to every firm. On the other hand, the Insurance: Conduct of Business (ICOBS) sourcebook applies only to those selling, or giving advice on, insurance products.





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B1 EU Solvabilitas II Directive - lingkup Uni Eropa dan asuransi - Latar belakang historis Sejak Perjanjian Roma (1957), Uni Eropa telah bekerja untuk menciptakan pasar tunggal untuk semua kegiatan perdagangan, karena hal ini akan membawa manfaat baik ekonomi dan sosial ke masyarakat. Dalam hal asuransi, ini berarti berusaha untuk menghilangkan perbedaan antara negara-negara anggota dalam hal hukum asuransi; praktek asuransi; Pengawasan negara; dan bagaimana produk yang dibeli dan dijual. Hal ini mengakibatkan aliran Directive Uni Eropa yang harus ditafsirkan oleh masing-masing negara, diserap ke dalam peraturan daerah, sehingga memungkinkan kerangka peraturan Eropa umum untuk asuransi yang akan dibangun. Untuk regulasi masa depan asuransi, Uni Eropa memiliki memutuskan untuk mengadopsi bentuk modifikasi dari versi terbaru dari Basel II yang didasarkan pada tiga konsep umum yang mendasari dikenal sebagai 'Pilar'. Meskipun Basel II dirancang terutama sebagai metode untuk memastikan modal yang memadai di perusahaan diatur melalui manajemen risiko, Uni Eropa beradaptasi dengan tujuan melindungi pelanggan. Hal ini mungkin mengakibatkan peraturan agak berkerut. Meskipun banyak kesulitan praktis, bekerja pada rezim regulasi baru terus berkembang, meskipun lambat. Tonggak berikutnya diharapkan menjadi berbasis risiko Solvabilitas Directive (seperti proyek IAIS dikenal sebagai Solvabilitas II). Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk memberikan transparansi yang lebih besar, kebijakan perlindungan yang lebih baik dan lebih banyak fleksibilitas untuk regulator. Seperti kebanyakan inisiatif peraturan Uni Eropa lainnya. Solvabilitas II melibatkan konsultasi internasional banyak dan mungkin diperlukan beberapa waktu sebelum dan disepakati versi dilaksanakan oleh regulator di semua negara anggota. Meskipun namanya, Uni Eropa solvabilitas II Directive tidak terbatas pada kebutuhan modal perusahaan asuransi. Hal ini memperkenalkan risiko berbasis atas pendekatan Basel II dalam peraturan asuransi dan mengambil kesempatan untuk mengkonsolidasikan 14 dari asuransi terkait Uni Eropa Directive sebelumnya ke dalam satu dokumen. Hal ini juga mencakup pemikiran baru pada tata kelola perusahaan, manajemen risiko, dan standar akuntansi internasional. Solvabilitas II dibahas lebih mendalam pada bab berikutnya. C Perbedaan antara Prudential dan Perilaku Bisnis regulasi Seperti yang telah disebutkan dalam pendahuluan bab ini, regulator menarik perbedaan antara aturan regulasi tingkat tinggi, yang mereka mungkin sebut sebagai pengawasan, dan peraturan tingkat yang lebih rendah dari perusahaan cara menjalankan usaha mereka. Dalam beberapa rezim dua tingkat ini dapat ditangani oleh badan pengawas yang berbeda dan perilaku bisnis mungkin dapat mandiri oleh industri itu sendiri. Memang, sampai tahun 2005 menjalankan bisnis bagi perusahaan-perusahaan non-hidup adalah mandiri di Inggris. Kedua tingkat regulasi yang terlihat dalam rezim FSA, dan aturan-aturan yang berlaku untuk masing-masing sebagian besar, tapi tidak sepenuhnya, ditempatkan di bagian yang berbeda dari FSA Handbook. FSA menyebut aturan tingkat tinggi peraturan Prudential. Ini mendefinisikan ini sebagai regulasi dalam kaitannya dengan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan, konteks di mana kegiatan memiliki, atau mungkin cukup dianggap sebagai cenderung memiliki, efek negatif pada: a) kepercayaan dalam sistem keuangan; atau b) kemampuan perusahaan untuk memenuhi salah satu dari: i. tes fit and proper dalam kondisi ambang; atau ii. persyaratan yang berlaku dan standar di bawah sistem regulasi yang berkaitan dengan sumber daya keuangan perusahaan. Peraturan Prudential cenderung ditemukan di Tingkat Standar Tinggi dan Standar Prudential blok dari FSA Handbook. Aturan tingkat yang lebih rendah disebut sebagai Perilaku regulasi Bisnis. FSA mendefinisikan ini sebagai persyaratan rinci yang berkaitan dengan hari-hari bisnis perusahaan. Jenis regulasi cenderung ditemukan di blok Standar Bisnis. Tentu saja ada aturan lain dalam Handbook yang tidak muncul agar sesuai ke dalam kategori baik. Namun demikian, perbedaan yang luas ini cukup membantu dan digunakan di seluruh industri. D Outline dari FSA Handbook dan inisiatif saat D1 Latar Belakang Hal ini diduga bahwa Anda akan terbiasa dengan FSA Handbook. Oleh karena itu tujuan dari bagian ini hanyalah untuk memberikan pengingat beberapa fitur yang lebih penting dan untuk menarik perhatian dampaknya pada manajemen perusahaan dari perusahaan asuransi. Struktur D2 Dasar dari FSA Handbook FSA Handbook dibagi menjadi bidang studi umum disebut blok, yang masing-masing terdiri dari sejumlah Sourcebooks atau manual, beberapa di antaranya berlaku untuk semua perusahaan diatur sementara yang lain hanya berlaku untuk perusahaan-perusahaan dalam bisnis tertentu. Setiap acuan telah diberi kode referensi yang merupakan singkatan seperti 'PRIN', yang digunakan awalan untuk setiap peraturan atau pedoman di wilayah tertentu atau subjek. Terminologi FSA Memahami Status dari masing-masing paragraf dalam buku acuan adalah ditunjukkan oleh designators berikut: R - Aturan (memiliki status hukum dan harus diikuti). P - Prinsip (efektif sekuat Aturan, namun tidak memiliki status hukum). G - Bimbingan (menunjukkan seberapa Aturan dapat dikompilasi dengan). D - Direction (Rule minor). (dengan demikian, DISP 1, 5,4 R Keluhan ke FSA Pelaporan ditemukan di Blok Penanganan di Penyelesaian Sengketa: Keluhan Sourcebook, yang memiliki (DISP) Kode Referensi, berdasarkan ayat 1, 5.4 dan itu adalah aturan sehingga harus dipatuhi.) FSA Handbook dirancang sehingga beberapa Sourcebooks berlaku untuk semua perusahaan diatur, terlepas dari sektor. Namun, yang hanya berlaku untuk sektor tertentu atau bahkan untuk kegiatan tertentu. Misalnya, Sourcebooks di blok Standar Tingkat Tinggi berlaku untuk setiap perusahaan. Di sisi lain, Asuransi: Perilaku Bisnis (ICOBS) acuan hanya berlaku untuk menjual mereka, atau memberikan saran pada, produk asuransi.














































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