3 The proposed approach3.1 The problem-solving modesGenerally, there a terjemahan - 3 The proposed approach3.1 The problem-solving modesGenerally, there a Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

3 The proposed approach3.1 The prob

3 The proposed approach

3.1 The problem-solving modes
Generally, there are two possibilities regarding moments of feedback delivering: an immediate feed- back after each step or action in problem-solving and feedback after submission of a whole solution to the problem. It is a basis for two modes of problem-solving in the proposed approach. In the complete- ness mode a learner chooses the moments of feedback presentation to check correctness of a series of steps. So, he/she can perform one or more steps solving a problem and then to require checking of the performed steps. The system provides feedback about correctness of his/her previous actions and the learner by his/herself should determine what step has led to the incorrect solution. This mode is similar to reinforcement learning [30] which is widely used in artificial intelligence. In the step-by-step mode the system monitors each problem-solving step and gives feedback about its correctness.
There are four variations of the step-by-step mode regarding a kind of information given to the learner:
• The learner receives both positive and negative feedback. In the case when the learner has per- formed the correct action he/she is praised (receives a positive feedback, or a reward). If the step was incorrect, criticism (negative feedback) is given to the learner. Moreover, negative feedback can be given in two different forms: only as a text, which informs that the action was incorrect, and as a text about the incorrect step together with a hint about how to improve his/her operation.
• The learner receives only negative feedback. In this case negative feedback also can be given in two different ways described above.

In the completeness mode the learner is not praised or criticized for each performed step. Instead of it he/she receives a total estimation of all performed actions. The estimation specifies how far the learner is from his/her goal: the correct solution of a problem. The total estimation can have a positive or negative deviation regarding difference between a number of correctly and incorrectly performed steps. In case when the mentioned difference exceeds some admissible value, a hint can be given to the learner. Thus, there are two variations of the completeness mode regarding a kind of feedback:
• The learner receives only a total estimation of the performed steps.
• The learner receives a total estimation of the performed steps together with a hint about how to improve his/her operation.

It is obvious, that it is necessary to provide an opportunity to change the problem-solving mode and a kind of feedback by the learner, as well as, to request a hint in case when he/she receives only the text of feedback. Thus, the general scheme of the problem-solving modes and kinds of feedback is displayed in Figure 2.
It is necessary to stress, that the described problem-solving modes can be implemented only if the process of finding of a problem solution consists of several (homogeneous or heterogeneous) steps.

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3 The proposed approach3.1 The problem-solving modesGenerally, there are two possibilities regarding moments of feedback delivering: an immediate feed- back after each step or action in problem-solving and feedback after submission of a whole solution to the problem. It is a basis for two modes of problem-solving in the proposed approach. In the complete- ness mode a learner chooses the moments of feedback presentation to check correctness of a series of steps. So, he/she can perform one or more steps solving a problem and then to require checking of the performed steps. The system provides feedback about correctness of his/her previous actions and the learner by his/herself should determine what step has led to the incorrect solution. This mode is similar to reinforcement learning [30] which is widely used in artificial intelligence. In the step-by-step mode the system monitors each problem-solving step and gives feedback about its correctness.There are four variations of the step-by-step mode regarding a kind of information given to the learner:• The learner receives both positive and negative feedback. In the case when the learner has per- formed the correct action he/she is praised (receives a positive feedback, or a reward). If the step was incorrect, criticism (negative feedback) is given to the learner. Moreover, negative feedback can be given in two different forms: only as a text, which informs that the action was incorrect, and as a text about the incorrect step together with a hint about how to improve his/her operation.• The learner receives only negative feedback. In this case negative feedback also can be given in two different ways described above.In the completeness mode the learner is not praised or criticized for each performed step. Instead of it he/she receives a total estimation of all performed actions. The estimation specifies how far the learner is from his/her goal: the correct solution of a problem. The total estimation can have a positive or negative deviation regarding difference between a number of correctly and incorrectly performed steps. In case when the mentioned difference exceeds some admissible value, a hint can be given to the learner. Thus, there are two variations of the completeness mode regarding a kind of feedback:• The learner receives only a total estimation of the performed steps.• The learner receives a total estimation of the performed steps together with a hint about how to improve his/her operation.It is obvious, that it is necessary to provide an opportunity to change the problem-solving mode and a kind of feedback by the learner, as well as, to request a hint in case when he/she receives only the text of feedback. Thus, the general scheme of the problem-solving modes and kinds of feedback is displayed in Figure 2.It is necessary to stress, that the described problem-solving modes can be implemented only if the process of finding of a problem solution consists of several (homogeneous or heterogeneous) steps.
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3 Pendekatan yang diusulkan

3.1 pemecahan masalah mode
Secara umum, ada dua kemungkinan mengenai saat-saat umpan balik memberikan: sebuah feedback langsung kembali setelah setiap langkah atau tindakan dalam pemecahan masalah dan umpan balik setelah pengajuan solusi seluruh masalah. Ini adalah dasar untuk dua mode pemecahan masalah dalam pendekatan yang diusulkan. Dalam modus ness complete- pelajar memilih saat-saat presentasi umpan balik untuk memeriksa kebenaran dari serangkaian langkah. Jadi, ia / dia dapat melakukan satu atau lebih langkah pemecahan masalah dan kemudian untuk meminta pemeriksaan langkah-langkah yang dilakukan. Sistem ini memberikan umpan balik tentang kebenaran / tindakan sebelumnya nya dan pelajar dengan nya / sendiri harus menentukan apa langkah telah menyebabkan solusi yang salah. Mode ini mirip dengan penguatan belajar [30] yang secara luas digunakan dalam kecerdasan buatan. Dalam modus langkah-demi-langkah sistem memonitor setiap langkah pemecahan masalah dan memberikan umpan balik tentang kebenaran nya.
Ada empat variasi mode langkah-demi-langkah mengenai jenis informasi yang diberikan kepada peserta didik:
• Pelajar menerima kedua umpan balik positif dan negatif. Dalam kasus ketika pelajar telah per- membentuk tindakan yang benar ia / dia dipuji (menerima umpan balik positif, atau hadiah). Jika langkah itu tidak benar, kritik (umpan balik negatif) diberikan kepada pelajar. Selain itu, umpan balik negatif dapat diberikan dalam dua bentuk yang berbeda: hanya sebagai teks, yang menginformasikan bahwa tindakan itu tidak benar, dan sebagai teks tentang langkah yang salah bersama-sama dengan petunjuk tentang cara untuk meningkatkan / nya operasinya.
• Siswa menerima hanya umpan balik negatif. Dalam hal ini umpan balik negatif juga dapat diberikan dalam dua cara yang berbeda yang dijelaskan di atas.

Dalam modus kelengkapan pelajar tidak dipuji atau dikritik karena setiap langkah yang dilakukan. Bukannya itu ia / dia menerima estimasi total dari semua tindakan yang dilakukan. Estimasi menentukan seberapa jauh pelajar adalah dari nya / tujuannya: solusi yang tepat dari masalah. Total estimasi dapat memiliki deviasi positif atau negatif mengenai perbedaan antara sejumlah langkah dengan benar dan tidak benar dilakukan. Dalam kasus ketika perbedaan disebutkan melebihi beberapa nilai diterima, sedikit dapat diberikan kepada peserta didik. Dengan demikian, ada dua variasi mode kelengkapan mengenai jenis umpan balik:
• Pelajar hanya menerima estimasi total langkah-langkah yang dilakukan.
• Siswa menerima estimasi total langkah-langkah yang dilakukan bersama-sama dengan petunjuk tentang cara untuk meningkatkan / nya operasinya.

Hal ini jelas, bahwa perlu untuk memberikan kesempatan untuk mengubah modus pemecahan masalah dan semacam umpan balik oleh pelajar, serta, untuk meminta petunjuk dalam kasus ketika ia / dia hanya menerima teks umpan balik. Dengan demikian, skema umum dari mode pemecahan masalah dan jenis umpan balik ditampilkan pada Gambar 2.
Hal ini diperlukan untuk stres, yang mode pemecahan masalah yang dijelaskan dapat diimplementasikan hanya jika proses penemuan solusi masalah terdiri dari beberapa (homogen atau heterogen) langkah.

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