Earthquakesthe most deadly natural hazardsEarthquakes. Being the most  terjemahan - Earthquakesthe most deadly natural hazardsEarthquakes. Being the most  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Earthquakesthe most deadly natural

Earthquakes
the most deadly natural hazards

Earthquakes. Being the most deadly natural hazards. Strike without any prior warning, leaving catastrophe in their wake with terrible loss of human lives as well as economic loss.

Technically, an earthquakes (also known as tremor, quake or temblor) is a kind of vibration through earth's crust. These powerful movements trigger a rapid release of energy that creates seismic waves that travel through the earth. Earthquakes are usually brief, but may repeat over a long period of time(earth science 2001).

Earthquakes are classified as large and small. Large earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take form of violent shock. The vibrations from a large earthquake last for few days known as aftershocks. Small earthquakes are usually slight tremors and do not cause much damage. Large earthquakes are known to take down buildings and cause death and injury (richter 1935). According to some statictics, there may be an average of 500,000 earthquakes every year but only about 100,000 can be felt and about 100 or so can cause damage each year.
the study of earthquakes is called seismology. seismology studies the frequency, type and size of earthquakes. earthquakes are measured using observations by seismometers. the magnitude of an earthquake and its intensity is recorded on a numerica scae known as richter scale. on this scale, 3 or less is hardly noticeable. earthquakes with magnitude of more than 6.5 can cause heavy damage (earth sciene.2001).
the effect of an earthquake are strongest in the area which is near its epicenter. the extent of the earthquake vibration and further damage to the region is partly dependent on the features of the ground. the worst possible damage occurs in the densely populated areas where structures are not built to withstand intense shaking. damage and loss of life inccured during earthquake is due to falling buildings and flying glass and objects. in certain areas, an earthquake can cause mudslides that can bury areas under it. powerful submarine earthquakes cause tsunami or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean that rippe outward from earthquake epicenter towards coastal areas causing surmountabe damage (http\: www.USGS.Org). on an average, 1,000 earthquakes with intensities of 5.0 or greater are recorded each year.

description and magnitude of earhquakes from the united states geoogical survey(earthquake hazards program.
Magnitude Description of earthquakes Average earthquake effects Average estimated frequency of occurrence/year
Less than 2.0 Micro Micro earthquakes are not fet by people but are recorded by seismograph Several million/year
2.0-2.9 Minor Generally notn felt, but recorded. No damages Over one million/year
3.0-3.9 Light Often felt,but rarely causes damage. Over 100,000/year
4.0-4.9 Light Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises. No significant damage 10.000-15,000/year
5.0-5.9 Moderate Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Casuaties range from none to a few. 1,000-1,500/year
6.0-6.9 Strong Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 miles across in populated areas. Death toll ranges from none to 25,000 100-150/year
7.0-7.9 Major. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Death toll from none to 25,000 10-20/year
8.0-8.9




Great Can cause serious dam,age in areas several hundred mies across. Building structures collapse-skyscrapers at serious risk. Death toll ranges from 1,000 to 1 million One/year
9.0 and greater Can cause near or total destruction. Heavy damage and shaking extends to distant locations. Daeth toll usually over 50,000 One/10 to 50 year
As indonesia is situated in the “ Ring of Fire”, it is more prone to earthquakes. According to United States geological survey (USGS, earthquake hazards program), till now indonesia has witnessed five great earthquakes with the magnitude ranging from 8.5 to 9.1. these earthquakes caused major destruction in the paces they occurred. One of he major earthquakes that hit indonesian was “2004 indian ocean tsunami”. It was the deadliest natural disaster in the area. Its magnitude was 9.1-9.3. heavy loss of human lives was witnessed and damage was felt asa far as east coast of africa (http\:www.USGS.Org).
Earthquakes have been a source of terror to people since ancient times, but only for the last few hundred years serious attempts have been made to understand them. Many methods have been deveoped to predict earthquakes despite all the research efforts by seismologists. The prediction cannot be made to a specific day or month. In future perhaps scientists will be able to predict earthquakes exactly but for now sciene has yet to provide answers.
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Earthquakesthe most deadly natural hazardsEarthquakes. Being the most deadly natural hazards. Strike without any prior warning, leaving catastrophe in their wake with terrible loss of human lives as well as economic loss.Technically, an earthquakes (also known as tremor, quake or temblor) is a kind of vibration through earth's crust. These powerful movements trigger a rapid release of energy that creates seismic waves that travel through the earth. Earthquakes are usually brief, but may repeat over a long period of time(earth science 2001).Earthquakes are classified as large and small. Large earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take form of violent shock. The vibrations from a large earthquake last for few days known as aftershocks. Small earthquakes are usually slight tremors and do not cause much damage. Large earthquakes are known to take down buildings and cause death and injury (richter 1935). According to some statictics, there may be an average of 500,000 earthquakes every year but only about 100,000 can be felt and about 100 or so can cause damage each year.the study of earthquakes is called seismology. seismology studies the frequency, type and size of earthquakes. earthquakes are measured using observations by seismometers. the magnitude of an earthquake and its intensity is recorded on a numerica scae known as richter scale. on this scale, 3 or less is hardly noticeable. earthquakes with magnitude of more than 6.5 can cause heavy damage (earth sciene.2001).the effect of an earthquake are strongest in the area which is near its epicenter. the extent of the earthquake vibration and further damage to the region is partly dependent on the features of the ground. the worst possible damage occurs in the densely populated areas where structures are not built to withstand intense shaking. damage and loss of life inccured during earthquake is due to falling buildings and flying glass and objects. in certain areas, an earthquake can cause mudslides that can bury areas under it. powerful submarine earthquakes cause tsunami or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean that rippe outward from earthquake epicenter towards coastal areas causing surmountabe damage (http\: www.USGS.Org). on an average, 1,000 earthquakes with intensities of 5.0 or greater are recorded each year.description and magnitude of earhquakes from the united states geoogical survey(earthquake hazards program. Magnitude Description of earthquakes Average earthquake effects Average estimated frequency of occurrence/yearLess than 2.0 Micro Micro earthquakes are not fet by people but are recorded by seismograph Several million/year2.0-2.9 Minor Generally notn felt, but recorded. No damages Over one million/year3.0-3.9 Light Often felt,but rarely causes damage. Over 100,000/year4.0-4.9 Light Noticeable shaking of indoor items, rattling noises. No significant damage 10.000-15,000/year5.0-5.9 Moderate Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. At most slight damage to well-designed buildings. Casuaties range from none to a few. 1,000-1,500/year6.0-6.9 Strong Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 miles across in populated areas. Death toll ranges from none to 25,000 100-150/year7.0-7.9 Major. Can cause serious damage over larger areas. Death toll from none to 25,000 10-20/year8.0-8.9 Great Can cause serious dam,age in areas several hundred mies across. Building structures collapse-skyscrapers at serious risk. Death toll ranges from 1,000 to 1 million One/year9.0 and greater Can cause near or total destruction. Heavy damage and shaking extends to distant locations. Daeth toll usually over 50,000 One/10 to 50 year As indonesia is situated in the “ Ring of Fire”, it is more prone to earthquakes. According to United States geological survey (USGS, earthquake hazards program), till now indonesia has witnessed five great earthquakes with the magnitude ranging from 8.5 to 9.1. these earthquakes caused major destruction in the paces they occurred. One of he major earthquakes that hit indonesian was “2004 indian ocean tsunami”. It was the deadliest natural disaster in the area. Its magnitude was 9.1-9.3. heavy loss of human lives was witnessed and damage was felt asa far as east coast of africa (http\:www.USGS.Org). Earthquakes have been a source of terror to people since ancient times, but only for the last few hundred years serious attempts have been made to understand them. Many methods have been deveoped to predict earthquakes despite all the research efforts by seismologists. The prediction cannot be made to a specific day or month. In future perhaps scientists will be able to predict earthquakes exactly but for now sciene has yet to provide answers.
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Gempa bumi
paling mematikan bahaya alam gempa bumi. Menjadi bahaya alam paling mematikan. Pemogokan tanpa peringatan sebelumnya, meninggalkan bencana di belakang mereka dengan kerugian yang mengerikan dari kehidupan manusia serta kerugian ekonomi. Secara teknis, sebuah gempa bumi (juga dikenal sebagai tremor, gempa atau gempa) adalah semacam getaran melalui kerak bumi. Gerakan-gerakan yang kuat memicu pelepasan energi yang cepat yang menciptakan gelombang seismik yang bepergian di muka bumi. Gempa bumi biasanya singkat, tapi mungkin mengulang selama periode waktu yang panjang (ilmu bumi 2001). Gempa bumi diklasifikasikan sebagai besar dan kecil. Gempa bumi besar biasanya dimulai dengan sedikit tremor tapi cepat mengambil bentuk shock kekerasan. Getaran dari gempa besar berlangsung selama beberapa hari dikenal sebagai gempa susulan. Gempa bumi kecil biasanya sedikit tremor dan tidak menyebabkan banyak kerusakan. Gempa bumi besar yang dikenal untuk mencatat bangunan dan menyebabkan kematian dan cedera (richter 1935). Menurut beberapa statictics, mungkin ada rata-rata 500.000 gempa bumi setiap tahun tetapi hanya sekitar 100.000 dapat dirasakan dan sekitar 100 atau lebih dapat menyebabkan kerusakan setiap tahun. Studi gempa bumi disebut seismologi. seismologi mempelajari frekuensi, jenis dan ukuran gempa bumi. gempa bumi diukur dengan menggunakan pengamatan oleh seismometer. besarnya gempa dan intensitasnya dicatat pada SCAE Numerica dikenal sebagai skala richter. pada skala ini, 3 atau kurang hampir tidak terlihat. gempa bumi dengan magnitude lebih dari 6,5 dapat menyebabkan kerusakan berat (bumi sciene.2001). efek gempa bumi paling kuat di daerah yang dekat pusat gempa. sejauh mana getaran gempa bumi dan kerusakan lebih lanjut ke daerah sebagian tergantung pada fitur tanah. kerusakan terburuk mungkin terjadi di daerah-daerah yang padat penduduk di mana struktur tidak dibangun untuk menahan guncangan intens. kerusakan dan korban jiwa inccured selama gempa adalah karena jatuh bangunan dan kaca dan benda terbang. di daerah tertentu, gempa bumi dapat menyebabkan tanah longsor yang bisa mengubur daerah di bawahnya. gempa bumi bawah laut yang kuat menyebabkan tsunami atau rantai gelombang bergerak cepat di laut yang Rippe luar dari pusat gempa ke daerah pesisir menyebabkan kerusakan surmountabe (http \: www.USGS.Org). pada rata-rata, 1.000 gempa bumi dengan intensitas 5.0 atau lebih dicatat setiap tahun. deskripsi dan besarnya earhquakes dari negara-negara bersatu survei geoogical (gempa bahaya Program. Besaran Deskripsi gempa efek gempa Sedang Sedang diperkirakan frekuensi kejadian / tahun Kurang dari 2,0 mikro mikro gempa bumi tidak fet oleh orang-orang tetapi dicatat oleh seismograf Beberapa juta / tahun 2,0-2,9 Kecil Umumnya notn merasa, tapi direkam. tidak ada kerusakan Lebih dari satu juta / tahun 3,0-3,9 Cahaya Sering merasa, tapi jarang menyebabkan kerusakan. Lebih dari 100.000 / tahun 4,0-4,9 gemetar Cahaya Terlihat dari item dalam ruangan, gemeretak suara. Tidak ada kerusakan yang signifikan 10.000-15,000 / tahun 5,0-5,9 Sedang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan besar pada bangunan buruk dibangun lebih dari daerah kecil. paling-paling sedikit kerusakan bangunan yang dirancang dengan baik. berbagai Casuaties dari tidak ada ke beberapa. 1.000-1.500 / tahun 6,0-6,9 kuat bisa merusak di daerah hingga sekitar 100 mil melintasi di daerah penduduk. korban berkisar dari tidak ada menjadi 25.000 100-150 / tahun 7,0-7,9 Major. Dapat menyebabkan kerusakan serius di daerah yang lebih besar. Korban tewas akibat tidak ke 25.000 10-20 / tahun 8,0-8,9 Besar Dapat menyebabkan bendungan serius, usia di daerah beberapa ratus mies di. Struktur bangunan runtuh-gedung pencakar langit pada risiko serius. Korban tewas berkisar dari 1.000 sampai 1 juta Satu / tahun 9,0 dan lebih besar dapat menyebabkan dekat atau kehancuran total. Kerusakan berat dan gemetar meluas ke lokasi yang jauh. Daeth tol biasanya lebih dari 50.000 Satu / 10 sampai 50 tahun Seperti Indonesia terletak di "Cincin Api", itu lebih rentan terhadap gempa bumi. Menurut Amerika Serikat survei geologi (USGS, gempa Program bahaya), sampai sekarang Indonesia telah menyaksikan lima gempa besar dengan magnitude berkisar 8,5-9,1. gempa bumi tersebut menyebabkan kerusakan besar di langkah mereka terjadi. Salah satu ia gempa bumi besar yang melanda indonesia adalah "2004 indian ocean tsunami". Itu adalah bencana alam paling mematikan di daerah. Besarnya adalah 9,1-9,3. kehilangan berat nyawa manusia itu disaksikan dan kerusakan terasa asa sejauh pantai timur Afrika (http \: www.USGS.Org). Gempa bumi telah menjadi sumber teror kepada orang-orang sejak zaman kuno, tapi hanya untuk yang terakhir beberapa ratus tahun upaya serius telah dilakukan untuk memahami mereka. Banyak metode telah deveoped untuk memprediksi gempa bumi meskipun semua upaya penelitian oleh seismolog. Prediksi tidak dapat dibuat untuk hari tertentu atau bulan. Di masa depan mungkin para ilmuwan akan dapat memprediksi gempa bumi persis tetapi untuk saat sciene belum memberikan jawaban.



























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