INTRODUCTIONEstimation of influenza vaccination effectiveness(VE) is c terjemahan - INTRODUCTIONEstimation of influenza vaccination effectiveness(VE) is c Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

INTRODUCTIONEstimation of influenza

INTRODUCTION
Estimation of influenza vaccination effectiveness
(VE) is challenging for the following reasons: (a)
Predominant influenza virus types, subtypes and phenotypes change from one season to the next, necessitating
a new vaccine targeting different strains in most seasons. As a result, VE has to be re-estimated in every
season. (b)Influenza vaccination is now recommended
for every person aged >6 months in the USA and
many other countries have broad recommendations,
making randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials
unethical. Observational studies therefore often become the only option. (c) Confounding and bias are
often present in these observational VE studies. (d)
It is not easy tofind all or most influenza patients in
a given community, as symptoms are usually not
severe and many patients do not seek medical care
to alleviate them. (e) Symptoms of influenza are nonspecific; hence many patients who develop an acute
respiratory illness (ARI) are not infected with an
influenza virus.
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INTRODUCTIONEstimation of influenza vaccination effectiveness(VE) is challenging for the following reasons: (a)Predominant influenza virus types, subtypes and phenotypes change from one season to the next, necessitatinga new vaccine targeting different strains in most seasons. As a result, VE has to be re-estimated in everyseason. (b)Influenza vaccination is now recommendedfor every person aged >6 months in the USA andmany other countries have broad recommendations,making randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trialsunethical. Observational studies therefore often become the only option. (c) Confounding and bias areoften present in these observational VE studies. (d)It is not easy tofind all or most influenza patients ina given community, as symptoms are usually notsevere and many patients do not seek medical careto alleviate them. (e) Symptoms of influenza are nonspecific; hence many patients who develop an acuterespiratory illness (ARI) are not infected with aninfluenza virus.
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PENDAHULUAN
Estimasi efektivitas vaksinasi influenza
(VE) menantang untuk alasan berikut: (a)
virus influenza Dominan jenis, subtipe dan fenotipe berubah dari satu musim ke musim berikutnya, yang memerlukan
vaksin baru yang menargetkan strain yang berbeda di sebagian besar musim. Akibatnya, VE harus kembali diperkirakan di setiap
musim. Vaksinasi (b) Influenza sekarang dianjurkan
untuk setiap orang yang berusia> 6 bulan di Amerika Serikat dan
banyak negara lainnya memiliki rekomendasi yang luas,
membuat acak, uji klinis terkontrol plasebo
tidak etis. Studi observasional karena itu sering menjadi satu-satunya pilihan. (C) Confounding dan bias yang
sering hadir dalam ini observasional VE studi. (D)
Hal ini tidak mudah tofind semua atau sebagian besar pasien influenza di
komunitas tertentu, seperti gejala biasanya tidak
parah dan banyak pasien tidak mencari perawatan medis
untuk meringankan mereka. (E) Gejala influenza yang spesifik; maka banyak pasien yang mengembangkan akut
penyakit pernapasan (ISPA) tidak terinfeksi dengan
virus influenza.
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