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Self-control (or self-regulation) i
Self-control (or self-regulation) is the ability to control or over- findings, the precise nature of the energy source of self-control has
ride one’s thoughts, emotions, urges, and behavior. Self-control remained unspecified. In the present, we examined whether self-
allows for the flexibility necessary for successful goal attainment, control does indeed rely on an actual energy source, namely, blood
and it greatly facilitates adherence to morals, laws, social norms, glucose.
and other rules and regulations. As such, it is one of the most Since Freud (1923/1961a, 1933/1961b), psychological theoriz-
important and beneficial processes in the human personality struc- ing about personality or the self has used energy models relatively
ture. A burgeoning body of evidence has linked good self-control sparingly. Yet, the human body is undeniably an energy system,
to a broad range of desirable outcomes, including healthier inter- and its very life depends on ingesting energy and then using it to
personal relationships, greater popularity, better mental health, fuel its activities, including complex psychological processes. The
more effective coping skills, reduced aggression, and superior human brain consumes 20% of the body’s calories even though it
academic performance, as well as less susceptibility to drug and constitutes only 2% of the body’s mass (Dunbar, 1998). In order
alcohol abuse, criminality, and eating disorders (DeWall, for evolution to have selected in favor of such expensive psycho-
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, in press; Duckworth & Selig- logical processes, those processes must have paid great adaptive
man, 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividends to offset such a high cost in calories. The capacity for
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & self-control provides numerous benefits (e.g., Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, and so it is plausible that self-control may have been one psycho-
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, logical process that was immensely valuable despite being so
2000). expensive in terms of caloric energy (glucose).
Self-control seems to rely on a limited energy or strength, such An accumulating amount of evidence is consistent with the
that engaging in a single act of self-control impairs subsequent notion that self-control relies on some kind of energy. For instance,
attempts at self-control, as if some sort of energy had been used up after resisting the temptation to eat freshly baked cookies, partic-
during the initial act (for reviews, see Baumeister, Gailliot, De- ipants in one study quit sooner on a subsequent task requiring
Wall, & Oaten, in press; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Although effortful persistence, compared with participants who did not have
viewing self-control as an energy resource has served as a highly to resist eating the cookies (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
convenient metaphor that explains a broad range of empirical Tice, 1998). Resisting the temptation to eat the cookies presum-
ably depleted an energy resource that could otherwise have been
used to persist on the subsequent task. A variety of other behaviors
have been found to rely on and deplete this energy source as well,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. including managing one’s impression (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner, E. Ashby Plant, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Department of rocco, 2005), suppressing stereotypes and prejudice (Gordijn, Hin-
of Psychology, Texas A&M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg, 2004; Richeson
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot or Roy Baumeister, Department of Psychology, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail: gailliot@psy.fsu.edu or
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), coping with thoughts and fears of
dying (Gailliot et al., 2006), controlling one’s monetary spending
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), restraining aggression (DeWall et al., in
ride one’s thoughts, emotions, urges, and behavior. Self-control remained unspecified. In the present, we examined whether self-
allows for the flexibility necessary for successful goal attainment, control does indeed rely on an actual energy source, namely, blood
and it greatly facilitates adherence to morals, laws, social norms, glucose.
and other rules and regulations. As such, it is one of the most Since Freud (1923/1961a, 1933/1961b), psychological theoriz-
important and beneficial processes in the human personality struc- ing about personality or the self has used energy models relatively
ture. A burgeoning body of evidence has linked good self-control sparingly. Yet, the human body is undeniably an energy system,
to a broad range of desirable outcomes, including healthier inter- and its very life depends on ingesting energy and then using it to
personal relationships, greater popularity, better mental health, fuel its activities, including complex psychological processes. The
more effective coping skills, reduced aggression, and superior human brain consumes 20% of the body’s calories even though it
academic performance, as well as less susceptibility to drug and constitutes only 2% of the body’s mass (Dunbar, 1998). In order
alcohol abuse, criminality, and eating disorders (DeWall, for evolution to have selected in favor of such expensive psycho-
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, in press; Duckworth & Selig- logical processes, those processes must have paid great adaptive
man, 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividends to offset such a high cost in calories. The capacity for
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & self-control provides numerous benefits (e.g., Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, and so it is plausible that self-control may have been one psycho-
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, logical process that was immensely valuable despite being so
2000). expensive in terms of caloric energy (glucose).
Self-control seems to rely on a limited energy or strength, such An accumulating amount of evidence is consistent with the
that engaging in a single act of self-control impairs subsequent notion that self-control relies on some kind of energy. For instance,
attempts at self-control, as if some sort of energy had been used up after resisting the temptation to eat freshly baked cookies, partic-
during the initial act (for reviews, see Baumeister, Gailliot, De- ipants in one study quit sooner on a subsequent task requiring
Wall, & Oaten, in press; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Although effortful persistence, compared with participants who did not have
viewing self-control as an energy resource has served as a highly to resist eating the cookies (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
convenient metaphor that explains a broad range of empirical Tice, 1998). Resisting the temptation to eat the cookies presum-
ably depleted an energy resource that could otherwise have been
used to persist on the subsequent task. A variety of other behaviors
have been found to rely on and deplete this energy source as well,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. including managing one’s impression (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner, E. Ashby Plant, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Department of rocco, 2005), suppressing stereotypes and prejudice (Gordijn, Hin-
of Psychology, Texas A&M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg, 2004; Richeson
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot or Roy Baumeister, Department of Psychology, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail: gailliot@psy.fsu.edu or
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), coping with thoughts and fears of
dying (Gailliot et al., 2006), controlling one’s monetary spending
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), restraining aggression (DeWall et al., in
0/5000
Self-control (or self-regulation) is the ability to control or over- findings, the precise nature of the energy source of self-control has
ride one’s thoughts, emotions, urges, and behavior. Self-control remained unspecified. In the present, we examined whether self-
allows for the flexibility necessary for successful goal attainment, control does indeed rely on an actual energy source, namely, blood
and it greatly facilitates adherence to morals, laws, social norms, glucose.
and other rules and regulations. As such, it is one of the most Since Freud (1923/1961a, 1933/1961b), psychological theoriz-
important and beneficial processes in the human personality struc- ing about personality or the self has used energy models relatively
ture. A burgeoning body of evidence has linked good self-control sparingly. Yet, the human body is undeniably an energy system,
to a broad range of desirable outcomes, including healthier inter- and its very life depends on ingesting energy and then using it to
personal relationships, greater popularity, better mental health, fuel its activities, including complex psychological processes. The
more effective coping skills, reduced aggression, and superior human brain consumes 20% of the body’s calories even though it
academic performance, as well as less susceptibility to drug and constitutes only 2% of the body’s mass (Dunbar, 1998). In order
alcohol abuse, criminality, and eating disorders (DeWall, for evolution to have selected in favor of such expensive psycho-
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, in press; Duckworth & Selig- logical processes, those processes must have paid great adaptive
man, 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividends to offset such a high cost in calories. The capacity for
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & self-control provides numerous benefits (e.g., Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, and so it is plausible that self-control may have been one psycho-
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, logical process that was immensely valuable despite being so
2000). expensive in terms of caloric energy (glucose).
Self-control seems to rely on a limited energy or strength, such An accumulating amount of evidence is consistent with the
that engaging in a single act of self-control impairs subsequent notion that self-control relies on some kind of energy. For instance,
attempts at self-control, as if some sort of energy had been used up after resisting the temptation to eat freshly baked cookies, partic-
during the initial act (for reviews, see Baumeister, Gailliot, De- ipants in one study quit sooner on a subsequent task requiring
Wall, & Oaten, in press; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Although effortful persistence, compared with participants who did not have
viewing self-control as an energy resource has served as a highly to resist eating the cookies (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
convenient metaphor that explains a broad range of empirical Tice, 1998). Resisting the temptation to eat the cookies presum-
ably depleted an energy resource that could otherwise have been
used to persist on the subsequent task. A variety of other behaviors
have been found to rely on and deplete this energy source as well,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. including managing one’s impression (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner, E. Ashby Plant, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Department of rocco, 2005), suppressing stereotypes and prejudice (Gordijn, Hin-
of Psychology, Texas A&M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg, 2004; Richeson
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot or Roy Baumeister, Department of Psychology, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail: gailliot@psy.fsu.edu or
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), coping with thoughts and fears of
dying (Gailliot et al., 2006), controlling one’s monetary spending
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), restraining aggression (DeWall et al., in
ride one’s thoughts, emotions, urges, and behavior. Self-control remained unspecified. In the present, we examined whether self-
allows for the flexibility necessary for successful goal attainment, control does indeed rely on an actual energy source, namely, blood
and it greatly facilitates adherence to morals, laws, social norms, glucose.
and other rules and regulations. As such, it is one of the most Since Freud (1923/1961a, 1933/1961b), psychological theoriz-
important and beneficial processes in the human personality struc- ing about personality or the self has used energy models relatively
ture. A burgeoning body of evidence has linked good self-control sparingly. Yet, the human body is undeniably an energy system,
to a broad range of desirable outcomes, including healthier inter- and its very life depends on ingesting energy and then using it to
personal relationships, greater popularity, better mental health, fuel its activities, including complex psychological processes. The
more effective coping skills, reduced aggression, and superior human brain consumes 20% of the body’s calories even though it
academic performance, as well as less susceptibility to drug and constitutes only 2% of the body’s mass (Dunbar, 1998). In order
alcohol abuse, criminality, and eating disorders (DeWall, for evolution to have selected in favor of such expensive psycho-
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, in press; Duckworth & Selig- logical processes, those processes must have paid great adaptive
man, 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividends to offset such a high cost in calories. The capacity for
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & self-control provides numerous benefits (e.g., Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, and so it is plausible that self-control may have been one psycho-
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, logical process that was immensely valuable despite being so
2000). expensive in terms of caloric energy (glucose).
Self-control seems to rely on a limited energy or strength, such An accumulating amount of evidence is consistent with the
that engaging in a single act of self-control impairs subsequent notion that self-control relies on some kind of energy. For instance,
attempts at self-control, as if some sort of energy had been used up after resisting the temptation to eat freshly baked cookies, partic-
during the initial act (for reviews, see Baumeister, Gailliot, De- ipants in one study quit sooner on a subsequent task requiring
Wall, & Oaten, in press; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Although effortful persistence, compared with participants who did not have
viewing self-control as an energy resource has served as a highly to resist eating the cookies (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
convenient metaphor that explains a broad range of empirical Tice, 1998). Resisting the temptation to eat the cookies presum-
ably depleted an energy resource that could otherwise have been
used to persist on the subsequent task. A variety of other behaviors
have been found to rely on and deplete this energy source as well,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. including managing one’s impression (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner, E. Ashby Plant, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Department of rocco, 2005), suppressing stereotypes and prejudice (Gordijn, Hin-
of Psychology, Texas A&M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg, 2004; Richeson
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot or Roy Baumeister, Department of Psychology, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270. E-mail: gailliot@psy.fsu.edu or
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), coping with thoughts and fears of
dying (Gailliot et al., 2006), controlling one’s monetary spending
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), restraining aggression (DeWall et al., in
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Kontrol diri (atau self-regulation) adalah kemampuan untuk mengendalikan atau temuan yang berlebihan, sifat yang tepat dari sumber energi kontrol diri memiliki
naik pikiran seseorang, emosi, mendesak, dan perilaku. Kontrol diri tetap tidak ditentukan. Pada saat ini, kami memeriksa apakah diri
memungkinkan untuk fleksibilitas yang diperlukan untuk sukses pencapaian tujuan, kontrol memang bergantung pada sumber energi yang sebenarnya, yaitu, darah
dan sangat memudahkan kepatuhan terhadap moral, hukum, norma-norma sosial, glukosa.
dan aturan lainnya dan peraturan. Dengan demikian, itu adalah salah satu yang paling Sejak Freud (1923 / 1961a, 1933 / 1961b), theoriz- psikologis
proses penting dan bermanfaat dalam kepribadian manusia struktural ing tentang kepribadian atau diri telah menggunakan model energi yang relatif
ture. Sebuah berkembang tubuh bukti terkait baik kontrol diri hemat. Namun, tubuh manusia dapat disangkal sistem energi,
untuk berbagai hasil yang diinginkan, termasuk sehat antar dan kehidupan sangat tergantung pada menelan energi dan kemudian menggunakannya untuk
hubungan pribadi, popularitas yang lebih besar, kesehatan mental yang lebih baik, bahan bakar kegiatannya, termasuk proses psikologis yang kompleks. The
keterampilan coping yang lebih efektif, mengurangi agresi, dan otak manusia yang unggul mengkonsumsi 20% kalori tubuh meskipun
prestasi akademik, serta kurang kerentanan terhadap obat dan hanya merupakan 2% dari massa tubuh (Dunbar, 1998). Dalam rangka
penyalahgunaan alkohol, kriminalitas, dan gangguan makan (DeWall, evolusi telah dipilih mendukung seperti mahal psiko
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, di tekan, proses logis Duckworth & Seligman, proses tersebut harus dibayar adaptif besar
pria 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividen untuk mengimbangi biaya yang tinggi kalori Kapasitas.
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & pengendalian diri memberikan banyak manfaat (misalnya , Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, dan sehingga masuk akal bahwa pengendalian diri mungkin menjadi salah satu psiko
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, proses logis yang sangat berharga meskipun begitu
2000). mahal dalam hal energi kalori (glukosa).
Kontrol diri tampaknya bergantung pada energi atau kekuatan yang terbatas, seperti Sejumlah mengumpulkan bukti konsisten dengan
yang terlibat dalam satu tindakan pengendalian diri merusak gagasan berikutnya bahwa pengendalian diri bergantung pada beberapa jenis energi. Misalnya,
upaya pada pengendalian diri, seolah-olah semacam energi telah digunakan setelah menolak godaan untuk makan baru dipanggang kue, tertentu-
selama tindakan awal (untuk ulasan, lihat Baumeister, Gailliot, ipants De- dalam satu studi berhenti lebih cepat pada tugas berikutnya yang membutuhkan
Wall, & Oaten, dalam pers; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Meskipun ketekunan effortful, dibandingkan dengan peserta yang tidak memiliki
melihat kontrol diri sebagai sumber energi menjabat sebagai sangat menolak makan kue (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
metafora nyaman yang menjelaskan berbagai empiris Tice, 1998) . Menolak godaan untuk makan kue presum-
cakap habis sumber energi yang bisa dinyatakan telah
digunakan untuk bertahan pada tugas berikutnya. Berbagai perilaku lain
telah ditemukan untuk mengandalkan dan menguras sumber energi ini juga,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. termasuk mengelola kesan seseorang (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner , E. Ashby Tanaman, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Departemen rocco, 2005), menekan stereotip dan prasangka (Gordijn, Hin-
Psikologi, Texas A & M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg 2004 ; Richeson
Korespondensi mengenai artikel ini harus ditujukan kepada Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot atau Roy Baumeister, Departemen Psikologi, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270 E-mail:. gailliot @ psy.fsu.edu atau
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), mengatasi pikiran dan ketakutan
mati (Gailliot et al., 2006), mengendalikan seseorang pengeluaran moneter
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), menahan agresi (DeWall et al., dalam
naik pikiran seseorang, emosi, mendesak, dan perilaku. Kontrol diri tetap tidak ditentukan. Pada saat ini, kami memeriksa apakah diri
memungkinkan untuk fleksibilitas yang diperlukan untuk sukses pencapaian tujuan, kontrol memang bergantung pada sumber energi yang sebenarnya, yaitu, darah
dan sangat memudahkan kepatuhan terhadap moral, hukum, norma-norma sosial, glukosa.
dan aturan lainnya dan peraturan. Dengan demikian, itu adalah salah satu yang paling Sejak Freud (1923 / 1961a, 1933 / 1961b), theoriz- psikologis
proses penting dan bermanfaat dalam kepribadian manusia struktural ing tentang kepribadian atau diri telah menggunakan model energi yang relatif
ture. Sebuah berkembang tubuh bukti terkait baik kontrol diri hemat. Namun, tubuh manusia dapat disangkal sistem energi,
untuk berbagai hasil yang diinginkan, termasuk sehat antar dan kehidupan sangat tergantung pada menelan energi dan kemudian menggunakannya untuk
hubungan pribadi, popularitas yang lebih besar, kesehatan mental yang lebih baik, bahan bakar kegiatannya, termasuk proses psikologis yang kompleks. The
keterampilan coping yang lebih efektif, mengurangi agresi, dan otak manusia yang unggul mengkonsumsi 20% kalori tubuh meskipun
prestasi akademik, serta kurang kerentanan terhadap obat dan hanya merupakan 2% dari massa tubuh (Dunbar, 1998). Dalam rangka
penyalahgunaan alkohol, kriminalitas, dan gangguan makan (DeWall, evolusi telah dipilih mendukung seperti mahal psiko
Baumeister, Stillman, & Gailliot, di tekan, proses logis Duckworth & Seligman, proses tersebut harus dibayar adaptif besar
pria 2005; Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Gailliot, Schmeichel, & dividen untuk mengimbangi biaya yang tinggi kalori Kapasitas.
Baumeister, 2006; Gottfredson & Hirschi, 1990; Kahan, Polivy, & pengendalian diri memberikan banyak manfaat (misalnya , Baumeister, 2005),
Herman, 2003; Pratt & Cullen, 2000; Shoda, Mischel, & Peake, dan sehingga masuk akal bahwa pengendalian diri mungkin menjadi salah satu psiko
1990; Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004; Vohs & Heatherton, proses logis yang sangat berharga meskipun begitu
2000). mahal dalam hal energi kalori (glukosa).
Kontrol diri tampaknya bergantung pada energi atau kekuatan yang terbatas, seperti Sejumlah mengumpulkan bukti konsisten dengan
yang terlibat dalam satu tindakan pengendalian diri merusak gagasan berikutnya bahwa pengendalian diri bergantung pada beberapa jenis energi. Misalnya,
upaya pada pengendalian diri, seolah-olah semacam energi telah digunakan setelah menolak godaan untuk makan baru dipanggang kue, tertentu-
selama tindakan awal (untuk ulasan, lihat Baumeister, Gailliot, ipants De- dalam satu studi berhenti lebih cepat pada tugas berikutnya yang membutuhkan
Wall, & Oaten, dalam pers; Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). Meskipun ketekunan effortful, dibandingkan dengan peserta yang tidak memiliki
melihat kontrol diri sebagai sumber energi menjabat sebagai sangat menolak makan kue (Baumeister, Bratslavsky, Muraven, &
metafora nyaman yang menjelaskan berbagai empiris Tice, 1998) . Menolak godaan untuk makan kue presum-
cakap habis sumber energi yang bisa dinyatakan telah
digunakan untuk bertahan pada tugas berikutnya. Berbagai perilaku lain
telah ditemukan untuk mengandalkan dan menguras sumber energi ini juga,
Matthew T. Gailliot, Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Jon K. termasuk mengelola kesan seseorang (Vohs, Baumeister, & Cia-
Maner , E. Ashby Tanaman, Dianne M. Tice, Lauren E. Brewer, Departemen rocco, 2005), menekan stereotip dan prasangka (Gordijn, Hin-
Psikologi, Texas A & M University. driks, Koomen, Dijksterhuis, & Van Knippenberg 2004 ; Richeson
Korespondensi mengenai artikel ini harus ditujukan kepada Matthew & Shelton, 2003; Richeson & Trawalter, 2005; Richeson,
Gailliot atau Roy Baumeister, Departemen Psikologi, Florida State
University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270 E-mail:. gailliot @ psy.fsu.edu atau
Trawalter, & Shelton, 2005), mengatasi pikiran dan ketakutan
mati (Gailliot et al., 2006), mengendalikan seseorang pengeluaran moneter
baumeister@psy.fsu.edu
(Vohs & Faber, 2004), menahan agresi (DeWall et al., dalam
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
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- Don't disturb
- To send warm wishes on andindya's birthd
- saya bosan
- Reversing the damage – ground water
- Kau begitu sempurna di mata ku ksu begit
- To send warm wishes on andindya's birthd
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- cost of money
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- Interventions forBullying Behaviors
- Ja neuken maar wij done dat altijd vlug
- Interventions forBullying Behaviors
- Its you in that picture?
