1436INTRODUCTIONIn the south-central USA, hay has been the most widely terjemahan - 1436INTRODUCTIONIn the south-central USA, hay has been the most widely Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1436INTRODUCTIONIn the south-centra

1436
INTRODUCTION
In the south
-
central USA, hay has been the most widely
used method of storing forage.
Chopped silage has been a
less widely used approach primarily restricted to dairy
production.
Rather recent ava
ilability of low
-
cost
technology for storage of forage as baled silage or baleage
provides livestock producers an option with reduced risk of
rain damage compared to hay production in this high
rainfall climate.
Forage preservation as hay requires drying
f
orage to moisture concentrations below 200 g
/
kg,
which is
necessary to prevent microbial spoilage.
However, drying
forage of a large biomass to thi
s
dry matter
(
DM
)
concentration is challenging because of high humidity and
frequent rain in the US south
-
cen
tral region.
Forage
preservation as silage requires much shorter field curing
time than hay because silage fermentation requires moisture
in the pre
-
preserved forage.
Therefore, silage or baleage is
frequently suggested as an alternative to hay for forage
preservation.
It is not new information that moisture or DM
concentration in forage greatly determines lactic acid
fermentation of silage (Moisio and Heikonen, 1994).
Unlike
hay, silage preservation may require wilting rather than
drying to achieve ideal l
actic acid fermentation conditions.
Depending on silage type, desired moisture concentration
Open Access
Asian
Aust
ralas
. J. Anim. Sci.
Vol.
27
, No.
10
:
1436
-
1442 October
2014
http://dx.doi.org/
10.5713/
ajas
.20
1
4
.
1
4
0
95
www.ajas.info
pISSN 1011
-
2367
eISSN 1976
-
5517
Moisture Concentration Variation of Silages Produced on
Commercia
l Farms in the South
-
Central USA
K. J. Han
*
, W. D. Pitman
1
, and A. Chapple
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
ABSTRACT:
Preservation of forage crops as silage o
ffers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain
-
damaged hay in the humid south
-
central USA.
Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage.
Silage
has been important in the region primarily
for dairy production, but baleage has become an option for the more extensive beef cattle
industry in the region. Silage samples submitted to the
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Forage Quality
Lab from 2006
through 2013 were assessed for
dr
y matter
(
DM
)
and forage nutritive characteristics of chopped silage and baleage of the different
forage types from commercial farms primarily in Louisiana and Mississippi. Of the 1,308
silage samples submitted, 1,065 were annual
ryegrass (AR) with small g
rains (SG), the warm
-
season annual (WA) grasses, sorghums and pearl millet, and the warm
-
season perennial
(WP) grasses, bermudagrass and bahiagrass, providing the remaining samples. Concentration of DM was used to indicate an effec
tive
ensiling opportunity
, and AR silage was more frequently within the target DM range than was the WA forage group. The AR samples
also indicated a high
-
quality forage with average
c
rude
p
rotein
(
CP) of 130 g
/
kg and
t
otal
d
igestible
n
utrient
(
TDN) near 600 g
/
kg. The
cooler winte
r weather at harvest apparently complicated harvest of SG silage with chopped SG
silage lower in both CP and TDN (104
and 553 g
/
kg, respectively) than either AR silage or baleage of SG (137 and 624 g
/
kg for CP and TDN, respectively). The hot, humid
summer
weather along with large stems and large forage quantities of the WA grasses and the inherently higher fiber concentration of
WP grasses at harvest stage indicate that preservation of these forage types as silage will be challenging, although successf
ul co
mmercial
silage samples of each forage type and preservation approach were included among samples of silages produced in the region
.
(
Key
Words:
Baleage, Chopped
S
ilage, Commercial
F
arm, Nutritive
V
alue, Silage
M
oisture
)
Copyright © 2014 by
Asian
-
Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
This is an open
-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non
-
Commercial License (
http://creativec
ommons.org/licenses/by
-
nc/3.0/
),
which permits unrestricted non
-
commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
.
* Corresponding
Author:
K. J. Han. Tel: +1
-
985
-
839
-
2322
,
Fax: +
1
-
985
-
839
-
3202
,
E
-
mail: Khan@agcenter.lsu.edu
1
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Hill Farm
Research Station,
Homer, LA 71040
,
USA.
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Dept. of
Experimental Statistics, Baton Rouge
,
LA 70803, USA.
Submitted
Feb
.
11
, 20
1
4
;
Revised
Apr.
10
, 20
1
4;
Accepted
Apr. 14, 2014
Han et al. (
2014
) Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci.
27
:
1436
-
1442
1437
ranges vary slightly.
Silage has several variations in
preservation type including chopped silage, haylage, and
baleage.
Although deteriorated feed value due to se
epage
from low
DM silage was addressed
in the early 1960’s
(
Gordon et al
.
, 1965
;
Miller et al., 1965), subsequent
evaluation of silage samples from ten commercial farms in
Scotland indicated large variation in silage DM ranging
from 161 to 480 g
/
kg (Hender
son et al., 1979). A more
recent study indicated that the mean DM concentration in
silage produced on Irish farms fell within the optimum DM
range for lactic acid fermentation (averaged 349 g
/
kg),
however, the range of DM concentration was still broad
exte
nding from 157 to 665 g
/
kg (O’Brien et al., 2007).
Such
ranges in silage DM for areas with a history of silage
production indicate that attaining target silage DM could be
particularly difficult for farmers where the approach is
somewhat new or evolving, f
orage species are diverse, and
ensiling climate is highly variable.
Both rate and extent of silage fermentation are affected
by forage DM concentration at the time of ensiling (Muck
and Kung, 2007).
The minimum DM concentration for
effective lactic acid f
ermentation of chopped cool
-
season
grass silage was identified as around 260 g
/
kg on
commercial farms in the UK (Haigh, 1990).
Forage of
higher DM concentration requires less fermentation to
develop an anaerobically stable silage (Muck and Kung,
2007).
Exc
essively dry silage can heat and spoil, while
excessively wet silage can lose nutrients through effluent
seepage or even undergo undesirable clostridial
fermentation.
Van Soest (1982) suggested that silages with
greater than 300 g DM
/
kg were generally more
palatable
with higher intakes than were wetter silages, although heat
damage and mold, which can reduce palatability and intake,
are increasing risks with excessively high DM levels.
Collins and Owens (2003) recommended that silage should
be at least 300
g DM
/
kg.
Van Soest (1982) suggested that
baled silage stability can be maximized with DM levels of
400 to 500 g
/
kg.
Muck and Shinners (2001) noted that
baleage does not ferment
as well as chopped silage and
should be 5 to 10 percentage units higher in DM t
o prevent
clostridial fermentation.
Silage preservation of forage with
DM greater than the optimum range can produce weak
fermentation due to lack of moisture for active fermentation
or even aerobic deterioration.
Low moisture concentration
in forage can r
esult in mold covered baled grass silage
(O’Brien
et al.,
2007), however, for the humid Florida
climate, Hersom and Kunkle (2011) indicated that 350 g
DM
/
kg or higher provided acceptable preservation.
Suitable
DM for baled silage was suggested by McCormick
(2013)
to be within the range of 400 to 600 g
/
kg, with preservation
dependent on low moisture and anaerobic conditions rather
than the silage acids as with more moist silages.
Wilting
bermudagrass to at least 400 g DM
/
kg improved
fermentation characterist
ics and DM recovery in Florida
evaluations (Bates et al., 1989).
For the grasses often
preserved as silage, with typically low levels of soluble
carbohydrates to support lactic acid fermentation, and the
climatic conditions of the south
-
central region, we
identified a DM range of 350 to 550 g
/
kg as an appropriate
target DM range to encompass both chopped and baled
silage.
Due to lower moisture requirements often requiring
extended drying time and vulnerability to aerobic
deterioration, round bale silage req
uires a more careful
wilting process than is typical for chopped silage to meet
the desirable DM range (Huhnke et al., 1997).
Both cool
-
season and warm
-
season forages are
produced in the south
-
central USA providing a range of
conditions and challenges for
silage production.
Concentrations of soluble sugars to support silage
fermentation differ among grass types, maturity, and
environmental conditions (Muck and Kung, 2007).
Cool
-
season grasses generally contain more soluble sugars for
fermentation than do wa
rm
-
season grasses (Muck and Kung,
2007), although sorghum ensiled near maturity has
sufficient carbohydrates for fermentation at the typical DM
levels of 300 to 400 g
/
kg.
Both ensiling environment and
forage characteristics differ for the cool
-
and warm
-
se
ason
species.
A forage testing program for producer samples
primarily from Louisiana and Mississippi has provided a
data set of silage moisture and resulting measures of forage
nutritive value of a variety of grass species as either
chopped silage or balea
ge.
The forage quality analyses
provided were developed primarily for evaluation of
feeding value of hay for ruminant livestock.
While the fiber
analyses used can provide useful information for silage,
effects of ensiling processes, particularly outside th
e
optimal DM range, may affect the usefulness of standard
crude protein values.
This study was conducted to evaluate
the range in DM concentration of commercial silage and
assess possible associations of forage nutritive value with
DM, forage type, and sil
age preparation method of
seasonally produced silage by commercial farms in the
south
-
central USA.
MATERIALS A
0/5000
Dari: -
Ke: -
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
Disalin!
1436
INTRODUCTION
In the south
-
central USA, hay has been the most widely
used method of storing forage.
Chopped silage has been a
less widely used approach primarily restricted to dairy
production.
Rather recent ava
ilability of low
-
cost
technology for storage of forage as baled silage or baleage
provides livestock producers an option with reduced risk of
rain damage compared to hay production in this high
rainfall climate.
Forage preservation as hay requires drying
f
orage to moisture concentrations below 200 g
/
kg,
which is
necessary to prevent microbial spoilage.
However, drying
forage of a large biomass to thi
s
dry matter
(
DM
)
concentration is challenging because of high humidity and
frequent rain in the US south
-
cen
tral region.
Forage
preservation as silage requires much shorter field curing
time than hay because silage fermentation requires moisture
in the pre
-
preserved forage.
Therefore, silage or baleage is
frequently suggested as an alternative to hay for forage
preservation.
It is not new information that moisture or DM
concentration in forage greatly determines lactic acid
fermentation of silage (Moisio and Heikonen, 1994).
Unlike
hay, silage preservation may require wilting rather than
drying to achieve ideal l
actic acid fermentation conditions.
Depending on silage type, desired moisture concentration
Open Access
Asian
Aust
ralas
. J. Anim. Sci.
Vol.
27
, No.
10
:
1436
-
1442 October
2014
http://dx.doi.org/
10.5713/
ajas
.20
1
4
.
1
4
0
95
www.ajas.info
pISSN 1011
-
2367
eISSN 1976
-
5517
Moisture Concentration Variation of Silages Produced on
Commercia
l Farms in the South
-
Central USA
K. J. Han
*
, W. D. Pitman
1
, and A. Chapple
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, School of Plant, Environmental, and Soil Sciences,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
ABSTRACT:
Preservation of forage crops as silage o
ffers opportunity to avoid the high risk of rain
-
damaged hay in the humid south
-
central USA.
Recent developments with baled silage or baleage make silage a less expensive option than typical chopped silage.
Silage
has been important in the region primarily
for dairy production, but baleage has become an option for the more extensive beef cattle
industry in the region. Silage samples submitted to the
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Forage Quality
Lab from 2006
through 2013 were assessed for
dr
y matter
(
DM
)
and forage nutritive characteristics of chopped silage and baleage of the different
forage types from commercial farms primarily in Louisiana and Mississippi. Of the 1,308
silage samples submitted, 1,065 were annual
ryegrass (AR) with small g
rains (SG), the warm
-
season annual (WA) grasses, sorghums and pearl millet, and the warm
-
season perennial
(WP) grasses, bermudagrass and bahiagrass, providing the remaining samples. Concentration of DM was used to indicate an effec
tive
ensiling opportunity
, and AR silage was more frequently within the target DM range than was the WA forage group. The AR samples
also indicated a high
-
quality forage with average
c
rude
p
rotein
(
CP) of 130 g
/
kg and
t
otal
d
igestible
n
utrient
(
TDN) near 600 g
/
kg. The
cooler winte
r weather at harvest apparently complicated harvest of SG silage with chopped SG
silage lower in both CP and TDN (104
and 553 g
/
kg, respectively) than either AR silage or baleage of SG (137 and 624 g
/
kg for CP and TDN, respectively). The hot, humid
summer
weather along with large stems and large forage quantities of the WA grasses and the inherently higher fiber concentration of
WP grasses at harvest stage indicate that preservation of these forage types as silage will be challenging, although successf
ul co
mmercial
silage samples of each forage type and preservation approach were included among samples of silages produced in the region
.
(
Key
Words:
Baleage, Chopped
S
ilage, Commercial
F
arm, Nutritive
V
alue, Silage
M
oisture
)
Copyright © 2014 by
Asian
-
Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
This is an open
-
access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non
-
Commercial License (
http://creativec
ommons.org/licenses/by
-
nc/3.0/
),
which permits unrestricted non
-
commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
.
* Corresponding
Author:
K. J. Han. Tel: +1
-
985
-
839
-
2322
,
Fax: +
1
-
985
-
839
-
3202
,
E
-
mail: Khan@agcenter.lsu.edu
1
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Hill Farm
Research Station,
Homer, LA 71040
,
USA.
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Dept. of
Experimental Statistics, Baton Rouge
,
LA 70803, USA.
Submitted
Feb
.
11
, 20
1
4
;
Revised
Apr.
10
, 20
1
4;
Accepted
Apr. 14, 2014
Han et al. (
2014
) Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci.
27
:
1436
-
1442
1437
ranges vary slightly.
Silage has several variations in
preservation type including chopped silage, haylage, and
baleage.
Although deteriorated feed value due to se
epage
from low
DM silage was addressed
in the early 1960’s
(
Gordon et al
.
, 1965
;
Miller et al., 1965), subsequent
evaluation of silage samples from ten commercial farms in
Scotland indicated large variation in silage DM ranging
from 161 to 480 g
/
kg (Hender
son et al., 1979). A more
recent study indicated that the mean DM concentration in
silage produced on Irish farms fell within the optimum DM
range for lactic acid fermentation (averaged 349 g
/
kg),
however, the range of DM concentration was still broad
exte
nding from 157 to 665 g
/
kg (O’Brien et al., 2007).
Such
ranges in silage DM for areas with a history of silage
production indicate that attaining target silage DM could be
particularly difficult for farmers where the approach is
somewhat new or evolving, f
orage species are diverse, and
ensiling climate is highly variable.
Both rate and extent of silage fermentation are affected
by forage DM concentration at the time of ensiling (Muck
and Kung, 2007).
The minimum DM concentration for
effective lactic acid f
ermentation of chopped cool
-
season
grass silage was identified as around 260 g
/
kg on
commercial farms in the UK (Haigh, 1990).
Forage of
higher DM concentration requires less fermentation to
develop an anaerobically stable silage (Muck and Kung,
2007).
Exc
essively dry silage can heat and spoil, while
excessively wet silage can lose nutrients through effluent
seepage or even undergo undesirable clostridial
fermentation.
Van Soest (1982) suggested that silages with
greater than 300 g DM
/
kg were generally more
palatable
with higher intakes than were wetter silages, although heat
damage and mold, which can reduce palatability and intake,
are increasing risks with excessively high DM levels.
Collins and Owens (2003) recommended that silage should
be at least 300
g DM
/
kg.
Van Soest (1982) suggested that
baled silage stability can be maximized with DM levels of
400 to 500 g
/
kg.
Muck and Shinners (2001) noted that
baleage does not ferment
as well as chopped silage and
should be 5 to 10 percentage units higher in DM t
o prevent
clostridial fermentation.
Silage preservation of forage with
DM greater than the optimum range can produce weak
fermentation due to lack of moisture for active fermentation
or even aerobic deterioration.
Low moisture concentration
in forage can r
esult in mold covered baled grass silage
(O’Brien
et al.,
2007), however, for the humid Florida
climate, Hersom and Kunkle (2011) indicated that 350 g
DM
/
kg or higher provided acceptable preservation.
Suitable
DM for baled silage was suggested by McCormick
(2013)
to be within the range of 400 to 600 g
/
kg, with preservation
dependent on low moisture and anaerobic conditions rather
than the silage acids as with more moist silages.
Wilting
bermudagrass to at least 400 g DM
/
kg improved
fermentation characterist
ics and DM recovery in Florida
evaluations (Bates et al., 1989).
For the grasses often
preserved as silage, with typically low levels of soluble
carbohydrates to support lactic acid fermentation, and the
climatic conditions of the south
-
central region, we
identified a DM range of 350 to 550 g
/
kg as an appropriate
target DM range to encompass both chopped and baled
silage.
Due to lower moisture requirements often requiring
extended drying time and vulnerability to aerobic
deterioration, round bale silage req
uires a more careful
wilting process than is typical for chopped silage to meet
the desirable DM range (Huhnke et al., 1997).
Both cool
-
season and warm
-
season forages are
produced in the south
-
central USA providing a range of
conditions and challenges for
silage production.
Concentrations of soluble sugars to support silage
fermentation differ among grass types, maturity, and
environmental conditions (Muck and Kung, 2007).
Cool
-
season grasses generally contain more soluble sugars for
fermentation than do wa
rm
-
season grasses (Muck and Kung,
2007), although sorghum ensiled near maturity has
sufficient carbohydrates for fermentation at the typical DM
levels of 300 to 400 g
/
kg.
Both ensiling environment and
forage characteristics differ for the cool
-
and warm
-
se
ason
species.
A forage testing program for producer samples
primarily from Louisiana and Mississippi has provided a
data set of silage moisture and resulting measures of forage
nutritive value of a variety of grass species as either
chopped silage or balea
ge.
The forage quality analyses
provided were developed primarily for evaluation of
feeding value of hay for ruminant livestock.
While the fiber
analyses used can provide useful information for silage,
effects of ensiling processes, particularly outside th
e
optimal DM range, may affect the usefulness of standard
crude protein values.
This study was conducted to evaluate
the range in DM concentration of commercial silage and
assess possible associations of forage nutritive value with
DM, forage type, and sil
age preparation method of
seasonally produced silage by commercial farms in the
south
-
central USA.
MATERIALS A
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
1436
PENDAHULUAN
Di selatan
-
tengah Amerika Serikat, jerami telah menjadi yang paling banyak
metode yang digunakan untuk menyimpan makanan ternak.
cincang silase telah menjadi
pendekatan yang kurang banyak digunakan terutama terbatas pada susu
produksi.
ava Sebaliknya Buruk
ilability rendah
-
biaya
teknologi untuk penyimpanan pakan sebagai silase diterjunkan atau baleage
memberikan produsen ternak pilihan dengan penurunan risiko
kerusakan hujan dibandingkan dengan produksi jerami dalam tinggi
iklim curah hujan.
pelestarian Forage sebagai jerami membutuhkan pengeringan
f
orage terhadap kelembaban konsentrasi di bawah 200 g
/
kg,
yang
diperlukan untuk mencegah pembusukan mikroba.
Namun, pengeringan
hijauan dari biomassa besar untuk thi
s
bahan kering
(
DM
)
konsentrasi menantang karena kelembaban yang tinggi dan
sering hujan di AS selatan
-
cen
. wilayah tral
Forage
pelestarian sebagai silase memerlukan lapangan yang jauh lebih pendek menyembuhkan
waktu dari jerami fermentasi silase karena membutuhkan kelembaban
dalam pra
-
. diawetkan hijauan
Oleh karena itu, silase atau baleage yang
sering disarankan sebagai alternatif untuk jerami untuk pakan ternak
. pelestarian
Hal ini tidak informasi baru yang kelembaban atau DM
konsentrasi pakan sangat menentukan asam laktat
fermentasi silase (Moisio dan Heikonen, 1994).
Tidak seperti
jerami, silase pelestarian mungkin memerlukan layu daripada
pengeringan untuk mencapai l yang ideal
kondisi fermentasi asam actic.
Tergantung pada jenis silase, konsentrasi kelembaban yang diinginkan
Open Access
Asia
Aust
RALAS
. J. Anim. . Sci
. Vol
27
, No
10
:
1436
-
1442 Oktober
2014
http://dx.doi.org/
10,5713 /
Ajas
.20
1
4
.
1
4
0
95
www.ajas.info
pISSN 1011
-
2367
eISSN 1976
-
5517
Moisture Konsentrasi Variasi silase Diproduksi di
Commercia
l Farms di South
-
Central USA
K. J. Han
*
, WD Pitman
1
, dan A. Chapple
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, School of Plant, Lingkungan, dan Ilmu Tanah,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
Abstraksi:
Pelestarian tanaman hijauan sebagai silase o
ffers kesempatan untuk menghindari berisiko tinggi hujan
-
rusak hay di selatan lembab
-
. pusat USA
Perkembangan terakhir dengan silase diterjunkan atau baleage membuat silase pilihan lebih murah daripada khas cincang silase.
Silase
telah penting di wilayah terutama
untuk produksi susu, tetapi baleage telah menjadi Pilihan untuk sapi potong yang lebih luas
industri di wilayah tersebut. Sampel silase diserahkan kepada
Institut Pertanian Pusat Pakan Kualitas Louisiana State
Lab dari 2006
sampai 2013 dinilai untuk
dr
y materi
(
DM
)
dan karakteristik gizi hijauan cincang silase dan baleage dari berbagai
jenis hijauan dari peternakan komersial terutama di Louisiana dan Mississippi. Dari 1.308
sampel silase disampaikan, 1065 adalah tahunan
ryegrass (AR) dengan g kecil
hujan (SG), hangat
-
musim tahunan (WA) rumput, sorgum, dan millet mutiara, dan hangat
-
musim abadi
(WP) rumput, bermudagrass dan bahiagrass, memberikan sampel yang tersisa. Konsentrasi DM digunakan untuk menunjukkan effec
tive
kesempatan ensiling
, dan AR silase lebih sering dalam kisaran target DM daripada yang kelompok hijauan WA. The AR sampel
juga menunjukkan tinggi
-
hijauan berkualitas dengan rata-rata
c
kasar
p
rotein
(
CP) dari 130 g
/
kg dan
t
otal
d
igestible
n
utrient
(
TDN) dekat 600 g
/
kg. The
pendingin winte
cuaca r saat panen ternyata rumit panen silase SG dengan cincang SG
silase lebih rendah di kedua CP dan TDN (104
dan 553 g
/
kg, masing-masing) dari baik AR silase atau baleage dari SG (137 dan 624 g
/
kg untuk CP dan TDN, masing-masing). Panas, lembab
musim panas
cuaca bersama dengan besar batang dan jumlah hijauan besar rumput WA dan konsentrasi serat inheren lebih tinggi dari
rumput WP pada tahap panen menunjukkan bahwa pelestarian jenis hijauan ini sebagai silase akan menantang, meskipun successf
ul co
mmercial
sampel silase dari setiap jenis hijauan dan pelestarian pendekatan yang termasuk di antara sampel silase yang dihasilkan di wilayah tersebut
.
(
Key
Words:
Baleage, cincang
S
ilage, Commercial
F
lengan, Nutritive
V
alue, Silase
M
oisture
)
Hak Cipta © 2014 oleh
Asia
-
Australasian Journal of Animal Ilmu
ini merupakan open
-
artikel didistribusikan dengan ketentuan Atribusi Non Creative Commons
-
Lisensi Komersial (
http: // creativec
ommons.org/licenses/by
-
nc / 3,0 /
),
yang memungkinkan terbatas non
-
komersial, distribusi , dan reproduksi dalam media apapun, asalkan karya asli benar dikutip
.
* Sesuai
Penulis:
KJ Han. Tel: +1
-
985
-
839
-
2322
,
Fax: +
1
-
985
-
839
-
3202
,
E
-
mail: Khan@agcenter.lsu.edu
1
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Hill Farm
Research Station,
Homer, LA 71040
,
. USA
2
Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Departemen
Statistik Eksperimental, Baton Rouge
,
LA 70803, USA.
Dikirim
Feb
.
11
​​, 20
1
4
;
Revisi
April
10
, 20
1
4;
Diterima
April 14, 2014
Han et al. (
2014
) Asia Australas. J. Anim. Sci.
27
:
1436
-
1442
1437
rentang sedikit berbeda.
Silase memiliki beberapa variasi dalam
jenis pelestarian termasuk silase cincang, haylage, dan
baleage.
Meskipun nilai pakan memburuk karena se
epage
dari rendah
DM silase ditujukan
pada awal 1960-an
(
Gordon et al
.
, 1965
;
. Miller et al, 1965), selanjutnya
evaluasi sampel silase dari sepuluh peternakan komersial di
Skotlandia menunjukkan variasi yang besar dalam silase DM mulai
161-480 g
/
kg (Hender
anak et al, 1979).. Yang lebih
studi baru-baru menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi rata-rata DM dalam
silase diproduksi pada pertanian Irlandia jatuh dalam DM optimum
kisaran untuk fermentasi asam laktat (rata-rata 349 g
/
kg),
namun, kisaran konsentrasi DM masih luas
exte
nding 157-665 g
/
kg (O'Brien et al., 2007).
tersebut
berkisar di silase DM untuk wilayah dengan sejarah silase
produksi menunjukkan bahwa mencapai sasaran silase DM bisa
sangat sulit bagi petani di mana pendekatan ini
agak baru atau berkembang, f
orage spesies yang beragam, dan
ensiling iklim sangat bervariasi.
Kedua tingkat dan tingkat fermentasi silase dipengaruhi
oleh konsentrasi DM hijauan pada saat ensiling (Muck
dan Kung, 2007).
Konsentrasi minimum DM untuk
efektif asam laktat f
ermentation cincang keren
-
musim
silase rumput diidentifikasi sebagai sekitar 260 g
/
kg pada
peternakan komersial di Inggris (Haigh, 1990).
Forage dari
konsentrasi DM lebih tinggi memerlukan fermentasi kurang untuk
mengembangkan silase anaerob stabil (Muck dan Kung,
2007).
Exc
silase essively kering bisa panas dan merusak, sedangkan
silase berlebihan basah dapat kehilangan nutrisi melalui limbah
rembesan atau bahkan mengalami clostridial diinginkan
fermentasi.
Van Soest (1982) mengemukakan bahwa silase dengan
lebih dari 300 g DM
/
kg yang umumnya lebih
cocok
dengan intake yang lebih tinggi daripada yang silase basah, meskipun panas
kerusakan dan cetakan, yang dapat mengurangi palatabilitas dan konsumsi,
meningkatkan risiko dengan tingkat DM terlalu tinggi.
Collins dan Owens (2003) merekomendasikan bahwa silase harus
setidaknya 300
g DM
/
kg.
Van Soest (1982) mengemukakan bahwa
diterjunkan silase stabilitas dapat dimaksimalkan dengan tingkat DM dari
400 sampai 500 g
/
kg.
Muck dan Shinners (2001) mencatat bahwa
baleage tidak memfermentasi
serta cincang silase dan
harus 5 sampai 10 unit persentase lebih tinggi di DM t
o mencegah
fermentasi clostridial.
Silase pelestarian hijauan dengan
DM lebih besar dari kisaran optimum dapat menghasilkan lemah
fermentasi karena kurangnya kelembaban untuk fermentasi aktif
atau kerusakan bahkan aerobik.
konsentrasi kelembaban rendah
di hijauan dapat r
esult dalam cetakan tertutup diterjunkan rumput silase
(O'Brien
et al.,
2007 ), namun, untuk Florida lembab
iklim, Hersom dan Kunkle (2011) menunjukkan bahwa 350 g
DM
/
kg atau lebih tinggi yang tersedia pelestarian diterima.
Cocok
DM untuk diterjunkan silase disarankan oleh McCormick
(2013)
berada dalam kisaran 400 sampai 600 g
/
kg, dengan pelestarian
tergantung pada kelembaban rendah dan kondisi anaerobik bukan
dari asam silase seperti silase lebih lembab.
Layu
bermudagrass untuk setidaknya 400 g DM
/
kg meningkatkan
fermentasi characterist
ics dan pemulihan DM di Florida
evaluasi (Bates et al., . 1989)
Untuk rumput sering
diawetkan sebagai silase, dengan tingkat rendah biasanya larut
karbohidrat untuk mendukung fermentasi asam laktat, dan
kondisi iklim selatan
-
wilayah tengah, kami
mengidentifikasi berbagai DM dari 350-550 g
/
kg sebagai tepat
menargetkan kisaran DM untuk mencakup baik cincang dan diterjunkan
silase.
Karena untuk menurunkan persyaratan kelembaban sering membutuhkan
diperpanjang waktu pengeringan dan kerentanan terhadap aerobik
kerusakan, putaran bale silase req
uires lebih berhati-hati
proses layu daripada khas untuk silase cincang untuk memenuhi
berbagai DM diinginkan ( . Huhnke et al, 1997).
Kedua keren
-
musim dan hangat
-
musim hijauan yang
diproduksi di selatan
-
tengah Amerika Serikat menyediakan berbagai
kondisi dan tantangan untuk
. produksi silase
Konsentrasi gula larut untuk mendukung silase
fermentasi berbeda antara jenis rumput, jatuh tempo , dan
kondisi lingkungan (Muck dan Kung, 2007).
aplikasi
-
musim rumput umumnya mengandung gula lebih mudah larut untuk
fermentasi daripada wa
rm
-
musim rumput (Muck dan Kung,
2007), meskipun sorgum ensiled dekat jatuh tempo memiliki
karbohidrat yang cukup untuk fermentasi pada khas DM
tingkat 300 sampai 400 g
/
kg.
Kedua lingkungan dan ensiling
pakan karakteristik berbeda untuk cool
-
dan hangat
-
se
ASON
. spesies
Sebuah program pengujian pakan untuk sampel produsen
terutama dari Louisiana dan Mississippi telah memberikan
kumpulan data kelembaban silase dan sehingga langkah-langkah pakan
nilai gizi berbagai spesies rumput baik sebagai
silase cincang atau Balea
ge.
Kualitas pakan analisis
yang tersedia dikembangkan terutama untuk evaluasi
nilai makan jerami untuk ternak ruminansia.
Sementara serat
analisis yang digunakan dapat memberikan informasi yang berguna untuk silase ,
efek dari ensiling proses, terutama di luar th
e
berbagai DM optimal, dapat mempengaruhi kegunaan standar
nilai protein kasar.
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi
berbagai konsentrasi DM silase komersial dan
menilai kemungkinan asosiasi nilai gizi pakan dengan
DM, hijauan jenis, dan sil
usia metode persiapan
musiman diproduksi silase oleh peternakan komersial di
selatan
-
. pusat USA
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