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there is thus the potential for immediate and significant impact on IT systems andservices. Other impacts can be felt in the long term; such as a weakness in theIT service delivery partner’s technology leadership, which quietly erodes overallIT effectiveness.Vendors are relied upon for many of the applications that drive businessestoday, yet their products have faults, their remediation may be patchy and theymay choose to phase out your key application.Actively managing this class of risk requires capability in vendor management,outsourcing and contract management.Applications – flaky systemsThis risk class deals with failures in the IT applications. Applications are typicallysystems that users interact with and in most organizations will be a combinationof package software and customized software that will to some extent beintegrated together.Applications are hosted and run on infrastructure – some infrastructure isshared with other applications and some infrastructure is dedicated to running asingle application. We deal with infrastructure risk as our next class, understandingthat for many IT people a system consists of an application and someinfrastructure.The impact of an application failing to perform as expected and requiredcan range from a minor irritation – a known bug for which workarounds areavailable and understood – to a major catastrophe. The impact primarily dependson the field of endeavour in which the application is deployed and used. Asingle application failure can have knock-on effects across a chain of systems –and where multiple company systems are interconnected, across a whole chainof companies.Other than the operating or functional characteristics of applications, there aremany non-functional characteristics where ‘failure’ is not so recognizable andthe impact is felt in the long term. For example, systems that are not easilymaintained and enhanced over time may form a constraint to introducing furtherchange; applications that are poorly documented or not well-structured may bedifficult to fix with confidence – new and significant defects can be introducedby a software developer when only minor changes are made.Actively managing this class of risk requires software engineering capabilitiesparticularly for maintenance, enhancement, integration, testing and release management,configuration management, system administration, monitoring andproblem management.Infrastructure – shaky foundationsThis risk class deals with failures in the IT infrastructure. Infrastructure is thegeneric name for the various centralized and distributed computer and networkresources upon which applications are hosted and run. Also included within thedefinition of infrastructure is platform software such as operating systems anddatabase management systems.Sebagian besar komponen infrastruktur IT yang bersumber dari vendor dan diganti,dengan peralatan usang beberapa pengecualian. Untuk setiap item yang diberikan infrastruktur,nilai penggantian adalah hanya salah satu masalah yang perlu dipertimbangkan ketika kerugianterjadi. Jauh lebih penting adalah dampak layanan TI sementara itu dankesulitan dalam percaya diri dan cepat pemulihan di bawah berbagai skenario kerugian.Kegagalan infrastruktur IT dapat menjadi permanen-ketika sebuah komponen ' pukulanup', adalah terbakar, dicuri, atau sebaliknya istirahat diperbaiki- atau sementara – Kapanpasokan energi adalah mematikan atau konektivitas jaringan hilang. Dampak dari kegagalandapat bergantung pada tingkat ketahanan dan redundansi dalam sistem – Apakahkegagalan di satu titik menyebabkan seluruh untuk berhenti berfungsi – dan ketersediaandan kesiapan fasilitas siaga.Jangka panjang masalah muncul dengan pilihan infrastruktur. Sistem yang tidakkompatibel dengan model-model baru mungkin perlu sepenuhnya diganti – palingsistem komputer ditutup dan masih berfungsi seperti mereka ketikadiimplementasikan! Penggantian infrastruktur dapat mengarah pada perombakan aplikasi-Semua yang mungkin tidak perlu dengan pilihan infrastruktur 'lebih baik'.Membingungkan pilihan infrastruktur adalah laju perubahan dan gerakan diStandar komunitas dan teknologi vendor. Ini mungkin adalah yang palingdapat dikontrol risiko dalam portofolio Anda.Actively managing this class of risk requires operational capabilities particularlyin configuration management, system administration, system monitoring andcapacity management as well as long-range planning and architecture skills.Strategic and emergent – disabled by ITThis risk class deals with the IT capability letting down execution of the businessstrategy. Impacts are not immediate but will be significant in the businessplanninghorizon and beyond.At risk is the ability of the firm to continue to move ahead towards a strategicvision. To remain competitive it is necessary for advances in IT to be understoodand matched against potential opportunities for exploitation by your business.Once alignment of IT with business strategy is clear, opportunity can thenbe exploited through timely and effective adoption and integration. Obtainingstrategic benefits from IT begins with a great IT strategy.Gaps in IT strategy result in tactical and ad hoc approaches to IT. Occasionalshocks can occur, as a major IT system is found to be a dead end or an island.More usual is a gradual increase in the difficulty and cost of introducingstep-change and a greater allocation of limited development effort on existingsystems rather than new.Actively managing this class of risk requires capabilities in strategy, architectureand planning.Understanding relationships between IT risk classesThe classes of IT risks are interdependent. Risks in each different class canberdampak pada kelas-kelas lain.Memahami hubungan ini akan membantu Anda memanfaatkan virtuouscycles-menghindari risiko hulu untuk menghilangkan risiko hilir, menangani potensimasalah pada sumber dan berfokus pada pencegahan daripada obat.Berikut serangkaian angka dan catatan pendukung menggambarkan kunci inihubungan antara risiko TI yang jatuh dalam setiap kelas.Risiko strategis dan muncul hubunganMiskin pengelolaan risiko strategis dan muncul dapat berkendara risiko proyek (LihatGambar 3.1). Kunci di antara ini adalah risiko dalam pemilihan proyek dan arah:bahwa proyek salah mengejar dan/atau proyek tepat tidak. Juga,selama itu proyek arah strategis koreksi atau RE-ALIGNMENTmungkin diperlukan. Jika perbaikan tidak terjadi, proyek tidak peduli seberapa baikdikandung di inisiasi akhirnya mungkin kegagalan.Miskin pengelolaan risiko strategis dan muncul dapat berkendara aplikasidan risiko infrastruktur. Aplikasi dan komponen infrastruktur harusdipilih tetapi dalam ketiadaan strategi jelas dan arsitektur sistem targetkeputusan ini akan dibuat secara taktis atau ad hoc. Banyak risiko dapat menyebabkandari peningkatan unmanaged teknologi keragaman, berdampak pada pengembangan,pemeliharaan dan peningkatan kegiatan-kesulitan dalam mengubah dan mengintegrasikansistem yang berbeda- dan dukungan operasional-kesulitan dalam mengidentifikasi, mendiagnosaand fixing problems.Poor management of strategic and emergent risks can drive service providerrisks. IT outsourcing decisions are often also IT strategic decisions as their impactwill last for many years. A poor sourcing strategy and selection process can drivesignificant risks into the service transition period and beyond as ongoing service
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