Touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation, however. A sel terjemahan - Touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation, however. A sel Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Touch sensations involve more than

Touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation, however. A self -produced
tickle produces less somatosensory cortex activation than the same tickle would from
something or someone else (Blakemore et al., 1998). (The brain is wise enough to be
most sensitive to unexpected stimulation.) This top -down influence on touch sensation
also appears in the rubber-hand illusion. Imagine yourself looking at a realistic
rubber hand while your own hand is hidden (FIGURE 20.2). If an experimenter simultaneously
touches your fake and real hands, you likely will perceive the rubber hand
as your own and sense it being touched. Even just “stroking” the fake hand with a
laser light produces, for most people, an illusory sensation
of warmth or touch in their unseen real hand (Durgin et
al., 2007). Touch is not only a bottom-up property of your
senses but also a top-down product of your brain and your
expectations.
Important sensors in your joints, tendons, bones, and
ears, as well as your skin sensors enable your kinesthesis—
your sense of the position and movement of your body
parts. By closing your eyes or plugging your ears you can
momentarily imagine being without sight or sound. But
what would it be like to live without touch or kinesthesis—
without, therefore, being able to sense the positions of
your limbs when you wake during the night? Ian Waterman
of Hampshire, England, knows. In 1972, at age 19,
Waterman contracted a rare viral infection that destroyed
the nerves that enabled his sense of light touch and of
body position and movement. People with this condition
report feeling disembodied, as though their body is dead,
not real, not theirs (Sacks, 1985). With prolonged practice,
Waterman has learned to walk and eat—by visually focusing
on his limbs and directing them accordingly. But if
the lights go out, he crumples to the floor (Azar, 1998).
Even for the rest of us, vision interacts with kinesthesis.
Stand with your right heel in front of your left toes. Easy.
Now close your eyes and you will probably wobble.
A companion vestibular sense monitors your head’s
(and thus your body’s) position and movement. The biological
gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are in your inner ear. The semicircular canals,
which look like a three -dimensional
pretzel (FIGURE 20.3), and the vestibular
sacs, which connect the canals
with the cochlea, contain fluid that
moves when your head rotates or
tilts. This movement stimulates hairlike
receptors, which send messages
to the cerebellum at the back of the
brain, thus enabling you to sense
your body position and to maintain
your balance.
If you twirl around and then come
to an abrupt halt, neither the fluid in
your semicircular canals nor your
kinesthetic receptors will immediately
return to their neutral state. The dizzy
aftereffect fools your brain with the
sensation that you’re still spinning. This illustrates a principle that underlies perceptual
illusions: Mechanisms that normally give us an accurate experience of the world can,
under special conditions, fool us. Understanding how we get fooled provides clues to
how our perceptual system works.
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Touch sensations involve more than tactile stimulation, however. A self -produced
tickle produces less somatosensory cortex activation than the same tickle would from
something or someone else (Blakemore et al., 1998). (The brain is wise enough to be
most sensitive to unexpected stimulation.) This top -down influence on touch sensation
also appears in the rubber-hand illusion. Imagine yourself looking at a realistic
rubber hand while your own hand is hidden (FIGURE 20.2). If an experimenter simultaneously
touches your fake and real hands, you likely will perceive the rubber hand
as your own and sense it being touched. Even just “stroking” the fake hand with a
laser light produces, for most people, an illusory sensation
of warmth or touch in their unseen real hand (Durgin et
al., 2007). Touch is not only a bottom-up property of your
senses but also a top-down product of your brain and your
expectations.
Important sensors in your joints, tendons, bones, and
ears, as well as your skin sensors enable your kinesthesis—
your sense of the position and movement of your body
parts. By closing your eyes or plugging your ears you can
momentarily imagine being without sight or sound. But
what would it be like to live without touch or kinesthesis—
without, therefore, being able to sense the positions of
your limbs when you wake during the night? Ian Waterman
of Hampshire, England, knows. In 1972, at age 19,
Waterman contracted a rare viral infection that destroyed
the nerves that enabled his sense of light touch and of
body position and movement. People with this condition
report feeling disembodied, as though their body is dead,
not real, not theirs (Sacks, 1985). With prolonged practice,
Waterman has learned to walk and eat—by visually focusing
on his limbs and directing them accordingly. But if
the lights go out, he crumples to the floor (Azar, 1998).
Even for the rest of us, vision interacts with kinesthesis.
Stand with your right heel in front of your left toes. Easy.
Now close your eyes and you will probably wobble.
A companion vestibular sense monitors your head’s
(and thus your body’s) position and movement. The biological
gyroscopes for this sense of equilibrium are in your inner ear. The semicircular canals,
which look like a three -dimensional
pretzel (FIGURE 20.3), and the vestibular
sacs, which connect the canals
with the cochlea, contain fluid that
moves when your head rotates or
tilts. This movement stimulates hairlike
receptors, which send messages
to the cerebellum at the back of the
brain, thus enabling you to sense
your body position and to maintain
your balance.
If you twirl around and then come
to an abrupt halt, neither the fluid in
your semicircular canals nor your
kinesthetic receptors will immediately
return to their neutral state. The dizzy
aftereffect fools your brain with the
sensation that you’re still spinning. This illustrates a principle that underlies perceptual
illusions: Mechanisms that normally give us an accurate experience of the world can,
under special conditions, fool us. Understanding how we get fooled provides clues to
how our perceptual system works.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Sensasi sentuhan melibatkan lebih dari rangsangan taktil, namun. Sebuah diri Diproduksi
menggelitik menghasilkan aktivasi korteks somatosensori kurang dari menggelitik yang sama akan dari
sesuatu atau orang lain (Blakemore et al., 1998). (Otak ini cukup bijaksana untuk
paling sensitif terhadap rangsangan yang tak terduga.) ini pengaruh-bawah atas pada sensasi sentuhan
juga muncul dalam ilusi karet tangan. Bayangkan diri Anda melihat realistis
tangan karet saat tangan Anda sendiri tersembunyi (Gambar 20.2). Jika eksperimen sekaligus
menyentuh tangan palsu dan asli Anda, Anda mungkin akan merasakan tangan karet
Anda sendiri dan merasakannya disentuh. Bahkan hanya "membelai" tangan palsu dengan
sinar laser menghasilkan, bagi kebanyakan orang, sensasi ilusi
kehangatan atau sentuhan di tangan mereka yang sebenarnya terlihat (Durgin et
al., 2007). Touch tidak hanya properti bottom-up Anda
indra, tetapi juga produk top-down dari otak Anda dan Anda
harapan.
sensor Penting dalam Anda sendi, tendon, tulang, dan
telinga, serta sensor kulit Anda mengaktifkan kinesthesis- Anda
Anda rasa posisi dan gerakan tubuh Anda
bagian. Dengan menutup mata Anda atau memasukkan telinga Anda, Anda dapat
sejenak membayangkan hidup tanpa melihat atau suara. Tapi
apa rasanya hidup tanpa sentuhan atau kinesthesis-
tanpa, oleh karena itu, mampu merasakan posisi
badan Anda ketika Anda bangun pada malam hari? Ian Waterman
dari Hampshire, Inggris, tahu. Pada tahun 1972, pada usia 19,
Waterman dikontrak infeksi virus langka yang menghancurkan
saraf yang memungkinkan rasa sentuhan ringan dan
posisi tubuh dan gerakan. Orang dengan kondisi ini
laporan merasa tanpa tubuh, seolah-olah tubuh mereka sudah mati,
tidak nyata, bukan milik mereka (Sacks, 1985). Dengan latihan yang berkepanjangan,
Waterman telah belajar berjalan dan makan-by visual berfokus
pada anggota tubuhnya dan mengarahkan mereka sesuai. Tetapi jika
lampu mati, ia meremasnya ke lantai (Azar, 1998).
Bahkan untuk sisa dari kita, visi berinteraksi dengan kinesthesis.
Berdiri dengan tumit kanan di depan kaki kiri. Mudah.
​​Sekarang tutup mata Anda dan Anda mungkin akan goyah.
Sebuah pendamping rasa vestibular memonitor kepala Anda
(dan dengan demikian tubuh Anda) posisi dan gerakan. Biologis
giroskop untuk hal ini keseimbangan dalam telinga bagian dalam Anda. Kanalis semisirkularis,
yang terlihat seperti tiga berdimensi
pretzel (GAMBAR 20.3), dan vestibular
kantung, yang menghubungkan kanal
dengan rumah siput, mengandung cairan yang
bergerak saat kepala Anda berputar atau
miring. Gerakan ini merangsang seperti rambut
reseptor, yang mengirim pesan
ke otak kecil di bagian belakang
otak, sehingga memungkinkan Anda untuk merasakan
posisi tubuh Anda dan untuk menjaga
keseimbangan Anda.
Jika Anda berputar di sekitar dan kemudian datang
tiba berhenti, baik cairan dalam
Anda kanalis semisirkularis atau Anda
reseptor kinestetik akan segera
kembali ke keadaan netral. The pusing
efek lanjutan bodoh otak Anda dengan
sensasi bahwa Anda masih berputar. Ini menggambarkan prinsip yang mendasari persepsi
ilusi: Mekanisme yang biasanya memberi kita pengalaman yang akurat dari dunia dapat,
dalam kondisi khusus, menipu kita. Memahami bagaimana kita tertipu memberikan petunjuk
bagaimana sistem perseptual kita bekerja.
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