8.6 CONCLUSIONOficial Brazilian gov

8.6 CONCLUSION
Oficial Brazilian government data estimated that in 2008 the eight main crops occupied 54.6 million ha. This igure will increase by 14% (reaching 62.2 million ha) until 2017–2018. Four crops (rice, bean, wheat, and coffee) will decrease by 1.1 million ha, but the other four crops (soybean, maize, sugarcane, and cotton) will increase by 8.7 million ha. The demand for biodiesel will require an extra area of 2.6 million ha for oil crops (soybean, castor bean, palm, and sunlower). Reforestation for industrial uses will also require an additional 3.4 million ha. The total land-use change to accommodate these requirements is estimated to reach 14.7 million ha. It is highly desirable that this production growth should not be linked to any further deforestation, but will instead come up with a better utilization of currently used pastures, which at present occupy 172 million ha. The result would be a total of 157.3 million ha of pastures by 2017. However, beef production should also increase by 28% in the next 10 years. Based on the actual mean holding capacity of the pastures of 0.9 animal unit (AU) ha–1, 48 million ha of pasture would be necessary to meet this projection. To maintain the pasture extension of 157.3 million ha, Brazil should invest in science and technology to increase the present rate of 0.9 AU ha–1 to at least 1.4 AU ha–1. Our proposed goal of attaining a national mean of 1.4 AU ha–1 includes the following components: (1) increase pasture productivity; (2) rehabilitate degraded pastures; (3) introduce integrated crop-livestock systems; and (4) partial cattle coninement and others. Land-use changes to meet the demand for food, iber, and biofuels will occur in all Brazilian territories. National and regional public policies to incentivize these actions in existing pasturelands in the Amazon region would bring important social and economic beneits. Nevertheless, conversion of pastureland to agricultural land has to be done carefully, using as much as possible best management practices to avoid environmental impacts on water streams, soil biodiversity, air quality, etc. Part of the economic incentives could be provided by taxes derived from remuneration of avoided deforestation. Any further deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon should not be justiied by the expansion of land use dedicated to produce grain, fiber, timber, and beef productions in order to meet national goals. Moreover, there is a need to develop a policy about population migration form rural places to cities, which imposes additional stress on natural resources and requires substantial increase in food production. Finally, it must be stressed that NT, pasture, and reforestation are the best options to achieve sustainable soil use.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

8.6 KESIMPULANOficial Brazilian government data estimated that in 2008 the eight main crops occupied 54.6 million ha. This igure will increase by 14% (reaching 62.2 million ha) until 2017–2018. Four crops (rice, bean, wheat, and coffee) will decrease by 1.1 million ha, but the other four crops (soybean, maize, sugarcane, and cotton) will increase by 8.7 million ha. The demand for biodiesel will require an extra area of 2.6 million ha for oil crops (soybean, castor bean, palm, and sunlower). Reforestation for industrial uses will also require an additional 3.4 million ha. The total land-use change to accommodate these requirements is estimated to reach 14.7 million ha. It is highly desirable that this production growth should not be linked to any further deforestation, but will instead come up with a better utilization of currently used pastures, which at present occupy 172 million ha. The result would be a total of 157.3 million ha of pastures by 2017. However, beef production should also increase by 28% in the next 10 years. Based on the actual mean holding capacity of the pastures of 0.9 animal unit (AU) ha–1, 48 million ha of pasture would be necessary to meet this projection. To maintain the pasture extension of 157.3 million ha, Brazil should invest in science and technology to increase the present rate of 0.9 AU ha–1 to at least 1.4 AU ha–1. Our proposed goal of attaining a national mean of 1.4 AU ha–1 includes the following components: (1) increase pasture productivity; (2) rehabilitate degraded pastures; (3) introduce integrated crop-livestock systems; and (4) partial cattle coninement and others. Land-use changes to meet the demand for food, iber, and biofuels will occur in all Brazilian territories. National and regional public policies to incentivize these actions in existing pasturelands in the Amazon region would bring important social and economic beneits. Nevertheless, conversion of pastureland to agricultural land has to be done carefully, using as much as possible best management practices to avoid environmental impacts on water streams, soil biodiversity, air quality, etc. Part of the economic incentives could be provided by taxes derived from remuneration of avoided deforestation. Any further deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon should not be justiied by the expansion of land use dedicated to produce grain, fiber, timber, and beef productions in order to meet national goals. Moreover, there is a need to develop a policy about population migration form rural places to cities, which imposes additional stress on natural resources and requires substantial increase in food production. Finally, it must be stressed that NT, pasture, and reforestation are the best options to achieve sustainable soil use.