Measured Variables The standard independent variable influences the ou terjemahan - Measured Variables The standard independent variable influences the ou Melayu Bagaimana mengatakan

Measured Variables The standard ind

Measured Variables The standard independent variable influences the outcome and is measured by the researcher. A measured variable is an independent variable that is measured or observed by the researcher and consists of a range of continuous or categorical scores. For example, consider the following research question:
How does math ability influence achievement on the final quiz in the classroom?
The independent variable is a measured variable indicating math ability scores assessed by results on an ability test.
Control Variables A control variable is another type of independent variable that researchers measure for the purposes of eliminating it as a possibility, but it is not a central variable of concern in explaining the dependent variables or outcomes. A control variable is a variable that is important to consider and “neutralize” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 100) because it potentially influences the dependent variable. Typically, control variables are personal demographic attributes or characteristics (Tuckman, 1999) such as:
◆ Gender ◆ Intelligence ◆ Socioeconomic status ◆ Race
These variables are typically controlled through statistical procedures. Later we will learn that these variables are called covariates and they are statistically adjusted for their effects.
Treatment Variables
Two other specific types of independent variables can be introduced here because they will be used in educational experiments. In an experiment, a researcher treats one group of participants to specific activities and withholds them from another group. The question is whether the group that receives the activities scores differently on the dependent variable than the group without the activities. Because researchers assign individuals to these two groups, the groups are “treated” or “manipulated” by the researcher. A treatment variable is measured in categories (received or denied activities) to determine its effect on an outcome. In the literature you will find these variables labeled as manipulated variables or variables with levels. Experimental researchers refer to these groups as levels (i.e., Group 1, Group 2).
In the following example, the treatment variable is the type of instruction used by the teacher in an elementary math classroom:
In a study of student achievement outcomes in an elementary math classroom, the researcher gives one group small group discussion (Level 1) and another traditional group lecture (Level 2) to assess the independent variable, type of instruction.
Independent treatment variable: Type of instruction is considered a treatment variable because the researcher intervenes with one group, Level 1.
Moderating Variables
Moderating variables deserve our attention because they, too, are often used in educational experiments. Moderating variables are new variables costructed by the researcher by taking one variable times another to determine the joint impact of both variables together. This impact is called an interaction effect. For now, recognize that interaction effects are a special form of independent variable. A moderating variable can be illustrated in this quantitative hypothesis:
Small-group discussion for students with high prior test scores contributes to higher math quiz results than lecture discussion for students with low prior test scores.
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Measured Variables The standard independent variable influences the outcome and is measured by the researcher. A measured variable is an independent variable that is measured or observed by the researcher and consists of a range of continuous or categorical scores. For example, consider the following research question:How does math ability influence achievement on the final quiz in the classroom?The independent variable is a measured variable indicating math ability scores assessed by results on an ability test.Control Variables A control variable is another type of independent variable that researchers measure for the purposes of eliminating it as a possibility, but it is not a central variable of concern in explaining the dependent variables or outcomes. A control variable is a variable that is important to consider and “neutralize” (Tuckman, 1999, p. 100) because it potentially influences the dependent variable. Typically, control variables are personal demographic attributes or characteristics (Tuckman, 1999) such as:◆ Gender ◆ Intelligence ◆ Socioeconomic status ◆ RaceThese variables are typically controlled through statistical procedures. Later we will learn that these variables are called covariates and they are statistically adjusted for their effects.Treatment VariablesTwo other specific types of independent variables can be introduced here because they will be used in educational experiments. In an experiment, a researcher treats one group of participants to specific activities and withholds them from another group. The question is whether the group that receives the activities scores differently on the dependent variable than the group without the activities. Because researchers assign individuals to these two groups, the groups are “treated” or “manipulated” by the researcher. A treatment variable is measured in categories (received or denied activities) to determine its effect on an outcome. In the literature you will find these variables labeled as manipulated variables or variables with levels. Experimental researchers refer to these groups as levels (i.e., Group 1, Group 2).In the following example, the treatment variable is the type of instruction used by the teacher in an elementary math classroom:In a study of student achievement outcomes in an elementary math classroom, the researcher gives one group small group discussion (Level 1) and another traditional group lecture (Level 2) to assess the independent variable, type of instruction.Independent treatment variable: Type of instruction is considered a treatment variable because the researcher intervenes with one group, Level 1.Moderating Variables Moderating variables deserve our attention because they, too, are often used in educational experiments. Moderating variables are new variables costructed by the researcher by taking one variable times another to determine the joint impact of both variables together. This impact is called an interaction effect. For now, recognize that interaction effects are a special form of independent variable. A moderating variable can be illustrated in this quantitative hypothesis:Small-group discussion for students with high prior test scores contributes to higher math quiz results than lecture discussion for students with low prior test scores.
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Pembolehubah diukur Pembolehubah bebas standard mempengaruhi keputusan semasa dan dikira oleh pengkaji. Pemboleh ubah diukur adalah pembolehubah bebas yang diukur atau diperhatikan oleh pengkaji dan terdiri daripada pelbagai skor berterusan atau mutlak. Sebagai contoh, pertimbangkan soalan kajian
berikut:? Bagaimana pencapaian pengaruh keupayaan matematik kuiz terakhir di dalam
kelas. Pembolehubah bebas adalah pembolehubah diukur menunjukkan skor keupayaan matematik dinilai oleh keputusan dalam ujian keupayaan
Mengawal Pembolehubah Pembolehubah kawalan adalah satu lagi jenis pembolehubah bebas yang penyelidik mengukur bagi maksud menghapuskan ia sebagai satu kemungkinan, tetapi ia tidak adalah pembolehubah tengah kebimbangan dalam menerangkan pembolehubah bersandar atau hasil. Pemboleh ubah kawalan adalah pembolehubah yang adalah penting untuk mempertimbangkan dan "meneutralkan" (Tuckman, 1999, p. 100) kerana ia berpotensi mempengaruhi pembolehubah bersandar. Biasanya, pembolehubah kawalan adalah ciri-ciri demografi peribadi atau ciri-ciri (Tuckman, 1999) seperti:
◆ Jantina ◆ ◆ Perisikan Sosioekonomi status ◆ Race
Pembolehubah ini biasanya dikawal melalui prosedur statistik. Kemudian kita akan mengetahui bahawa pembolehubah ini dipanggil covariates dan mereka statistik dilaraskan bagi kesan mereka.
Pembolehubah Rawatan
Dua jenis tertentu yang lain pembolehubah bebas boleh diperkenalkan di sini kerana mereka akan digunakan dalam eksperimen pendidikan. Dalam satu eksperimen, penyelidik menganggap satu kumpulan peserta untuk aktiviti-aktiviti tertentu dan menahan mereka daripada kumpulan yang lain. Soalnya ialah sama ada kumpulan yang menerima markah aktiviti berbeza pada pembolehubah bersandar daripada kumpulan tanpa aktiviti. Oleh kerana penyelidik menyerah hak individu untuk kedua-dua kumpulan, kumpulan-kumpulan yang "dirawat" atau "dimanipulasi" oleh pengkaji. Pemboleh ubah rawatan diukur dalam kategori (diterima atau dinafikan aktiviti) untuk menentukan kesannya terhadap hasil yang. Dalam kesusasteraan, anda akan mendapati pembolehubah ini dilabelkan sebagai pembolehubah dimanipulasi atau pembolehubah dengan peringkat. . Penyelidik eksperimen merujuk kepada kumpulan-kumpulan ini sebagai peringkat (iaitu, Kumpulan 1, Kumpulan 2)
Dalam contoh berikut, pembolehubah rawatan adalah jenis pengajaran yang digunakan oleh guru dalam bilik darjah matematik asas:
Dalam kajian ke atas hasil pencapaian pelajar dalam kelas matematik asas, pengkaji memberikan satu kumpulan perbincangan kumpulan kecil (Tahap 1) dan satu lagi kuliah kumpulan tradisional (Level 2) untuk menilai pembolehubah bebas, jenis arahan.
rawatan pembolehubah bebas: Jenis pengajaran dianggap pembolehubah rawatan kerana penyelidik campur tangan dengan satu kumpulan, Aras 1.
Pembolehubah sederhana
sederhana pembolehubah memerlukan perhatian kita kerana mereka juga sering digunakan dalam eksperimen pendidikan. Sederhana pembolehubah adalah pembolehubah baru costructed oleh pengkaji dengan mengambil satu kali pembolehubah lain untuk menentukan kesan bersama kedua-dua pembolehubah bersama-sama. Kesan ini dikenali sebagai kesan interaksi. Buat masa ini, menyedari bahawa kesan interaksi adalah satu bentuk khas pembolehubah bebas. Pemboleh ubah sederhana boleh digambarkan dalam hipotesis ini kuantitatif:
perbincangan kumpulan kecil untuk pelajar dengan skor ujian sebelum tinggi menyumbang kepada keputusan matematik kuiz lebih tinggi daripada perbincangan kuliah untuk pelajar dengan skor ujian sebelum rendah.
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