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Many companies have tried, but few,

Many companies have tried, but few, if any, have been able to duplicate the success of Toyota's Production System. This may be mostly attributed to the confusion that the tools Toyota uses in its system are the system itself. Adding to the frustration of these other companies is the paradox that Toyota's operations are both flexible and rigid. However, it is the principles that govern Toyota's operations - three rules of design and one rule of improvement - that allow for and encourage dynamic growth and improvement. Toyota has created a workplace of scientists, each employing the scientific method to evaluate processes and create plans for improvement. The rules guide the experimentation that is performed to improve processes that are not meeting expectations.

Rule One: All work is highly specific in content, sequence, timing, and outcome.

All processes are done in the same order, with the same tools, according to the same specifications. This exactness is the capstone of how Toyota evaluates quality. At a Toyota plant, a task has a specific time in which it should be completed, section by section. Even the floor of each work area is marked in tenths, so if a worker has not completed a section of a task before crossing the next point on the floor, a manager can tell exactly where a problem has arisen. Because each task has a prescribed measurement for success, it can be tested like a hypothesis, giving rise to the use of the scientific method. If a criterion is not met, either the person performing the task is not capable, or the performance of the activity does not actually create the expected outcome. Since the hypothesis being tested has been shown to be false, either the worker needs more training or the activity needs to be redesigned.

Rule Two: Every connection between employees must be standardized, direct, and unambiguous.

When a Toyota employee makes a request, there is a specific way to state the need, and there is a specific person who will meet the need. Toyota uses the kanban system, in which a card tells the part number, the quantity needed, and the worker who will use it. In other companies, there is often no one who is specifically assigned to meeting needs and answering requests. Rather, the first available person will do what is needed. But often in these companies, no one takes responsibility and the need is left unmet.

Toyota also recognizes that employees will need help from each other. Other companies often have an unwritten policy that employees should try to resolve problems on their own before seeking help. Toyota, however, expects workers to ask for assistance immediately. A designated assistant then must respond immediately because response within a specific amount of time also reduces variability. If help cannot be delivered within the given time, then the time specification hypothesis is false and the system needs to be improved.

Rule Three: Every product and service flows along a specified, direct path.

There are no twists in the assembly line to disorder Toyota's operations. If a request is made for more supply, this request is not made to the next available person, but to a pre-specified person. Because of this method, each time a request is made for help or supplies or otherwise, the hypothesis that the receiver of the request will be available is tested. If the receiver is unavailable for any reason, then the system needs to be evaluated and improved.

Rule Four: All improvements will be made according to the scientific method.

Toyota employees are not taught the above rules when they begin work with the company. Rather, they discover the rules through problem solving, led by their supervisor. Supervisors ask questions that make the employee critically evaluate the work being done. Examples of these questions are, "How do you know you are doing this work correctly?" and, "What do you do if you have a problem?" Because workers are taught from the very beginning how to evaluate their work and the processes that are used, Toyota encourages and expects that ideas for improvement are stimulated by line workers, with the assistance and coaching of managers. Even changes at higher levels are made in this way, by including on improvement teams people who are directly involved with the pathways and procedures that are being changed.

Toyota's Big Picture

When changes are made in Toyota's operations, or in any company seeking to implement Toyota's system, new standards must be created to test the new procedures. If the procedure later fails to meet these standards, it is reworked and improved on, until at some point Toyota reaches its ideal state. This perception of the "ideal" is critical to understanding why Toyota has been so successful. Toyota's ideal output should be free from defect, created to meet specific criteria, supplied immediately on demand, without wasting resources, and created in a safe environment. "Toyota's ideal plant would indeed be one where a Toyota customer could drive up to a shipping dock, ask for a customized product or service, and get it at once at the lowest possible price and with no defects." Anything short of this goal leaves room for improvement in Toyota's operation system.

The rules of its operations are what allows Toyota to make improvements while still continuing to run production lines. The responsibility for changes and improvements are pushed to the lowest level possible. Toyota, in its aggregate form, never has to stop its assembly lines to make changes, because small, specific improvements are being made at the most basic levels constantly. This "nested, modular structure" allows changes in one part to not affect other parts of the system.

____________________________________________________

Note: When the concepts in this paper are combined (studied carefully) with other materials such as, statistical process control, Deming's theory, the Johnson & Brom's (Toyota) concept of a "living organization", the many JIT concepts and other systems concepts, it all (e.g., the relatively new global competition) begins to make sense. For example. How can a Toyota mattress factory (mentioned in this paper) produce 850 types of quality mattresses on two assembly lines and deliver to customer's homes within 3 days of the order, with only 1.5 days of finished goods inventory?

See the Spear 2004 summary for more on Toyota from one of these authors.
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Many companies have tried, but few, if any, have been able to duplicate the success of Toyota's Production System. This may be mostly attributed to the confusion that the tools Toyota uses in its system are the system itself. Adding to the frustration of these other companies is the paradox that Toyota's operations are both flexible and rigid. However, it is the principles that govern Toyota's operations - three rules of design and one rule of improvement - that allow for and encourage dynamic growth and improvement. Toyota has created a workplace of scientists, each employing the scientific method to evaluate processes and create plans for improvement. The rules guide the experimentation that is performed to improve processes that are not meeting expectations.Rule One: All work is highly specific in content, sequence, timing, and outcome.All processes are done in the same order, with the same tools, according to the same specifications. This exactness is the capstone of how Toyota evaluates quality. At a Toyota plant, a task has a specific time in which it should be completed, section by section. Even the floor of each work area is marked in tenths, so if a worker has not completed a section of a task before crossing the next point on the floor, a manager can tell exactly where a problem has arisen. Because each task has a prescribed measurement for success, it can be tested like a hypothesis, giving rise to the use of the scientific method. If a criterion is not met, either the person performing the task is not capable, or the performance of the activity does not actually create the expected outcome. Since the hypothesis being tested has been shown to be false, either the worker needs more training or the activity needs to be redesigned.Rule Two: Every connection between employees must be standardized, direct, and unambiguous.When a Toyota employee makes a request, there is a specific way to state the need, and there is a specific person who will meet the need. Toyota uses the kanban system, in which a card tells the part number, the quantity needed, and the worker who will use it. In other companies, there is often no one who is specifically assigned to meeting needs and answering requests. Rather, the first available person will do what is needed. But often in these companies, no one takes responsibility and the need is left unmet.Toyota also recognizes that employees will need help from each other. Other companies often have an unwritten policy that employees should try to resolve problems on their own before seeking help. Toyota, however, expects workers to ask for assistance immediately. A designated assistant then must respond immediately because response within a specific amount of time also reduces variability. If help cannot be delivered within the given time, then the time specification hypothesis is false and the system needs to be improved.Rule Three: Every product and service flows along a specified, direct path.There are no twists in the assembly line to disorder Toyota's operations. If a request is made for more supply, this request is not made to the next available person, but to a pre-specified person. Because of this method, each time a request is made for help or supplies or otherwise, the hypothesis that the receiver of the request will be available is tested. If the receiver is unavailable for any reason, then the system needs to be evaluated and improved.Rule Four: All improvements will be made according to the scientific method.Toyota employees are not taught the above rules when they begin work with the company. Rather, they discover the rules through problem solving, led by their supervisor. Supervisors ask questions that make the employee critically evaluate the work being done. Examples of these questions are, "How do you know you are doing this work correctly?" and, "What do you do if you have a problem?" Because workers are taught from the very beginning how to evaluate their work and the processes that are used, Toyota encourages and expects that ideas for improvement are stimulated by line workers, with the assistance and coaching of managers. Even changes at higher levels are made in this way, by including on improvement teams people who are directly involved with the pathways and procedures that are being changed.Toyota's Big PictureWhen changes are made in Toyota's operations, or in any company seeking to implement Toyota's system, new standards must be created to test the new procedures. If the procedure later fails to meet these standards, it is reworked and improved on, until at some point Toyota reaches its ideal state. This perception of the "ideal" is critical to understanding why Toyota has been so successful. Toyota's ideal output should be free from defect, created to meet specific criteria, supplied immediately on demand, without wasting resources, and created in a safe environment. "Toyota's ideal plant would indeed be one where a Toyota customer could drive up to a shipping dock, ask for a customized product or service, and get it at once at the lowest possible price and with no defects." Anything short of this goal leaves room for improvement in Toyota's operation system.The rules of its operations are what allows Toyota to make improvements while still continuing to run production lines. The responsibility for changes and improvements are pushed to the lowest level possible. Toyota, in its aggregate form, never has to stop its assembly lines to make changes, because small, specific improvements are being made at the most basic levels constantly. This "nested, modular structure" allows changes in one part to not affect other parts of the system.____________________________________________________Note: When the concepts in this paper are combined (studied carefully) with other materials such as, statistical process control, Deming's theory, the Johnson & Brom's (Toyota) concept of a "living organization", the many JIT concepts and other systems concepts, it all (e.g., the relatively new global competition) begins to make sense. For example. How can a Toyota mattress factory (mentioned in this paper) produce 850 types of quality mattresses on two assembly lines and deliver to customer's homes within 3 days of the order, with only 1.5 days of finished goods inventory?
See the Spear 2004 summary for more on Toyota from one of these authors.
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Banyak perusahaan telah mencoba, tetapi hanya sedikit, jika ada, telah mampu menduplikasi keberhasilan Sistem Produksi Toyota. Hal ini mungkin sebagian disebabkan kebingungan bahwa alat Toyota menggunakan dalam sistem adalah sistem itu sendiri. Menambah frustrasi perusahaan-perusahaan lainnya adalah paradoks bahwa operasi Toyota keduanya fleksibel dan kaku. Namun, prinsip-prinsip yang mengatur operasi Toyota - tiga aturan desain dan satu aturan perbaikan - yang memungkinkan dan mendorong pertumbuhan yang dinamis dan perbaikan. Toyota telah menciptakan tempat kerja ilmuwan, masing-masing menggunakan metode ilmiah untuk mengevaluasi proses dan membuat rencana untuk perbaikan. Aturan membimbing eksperimen yang dilakukan untuk memperbaiki proses yang tidak memenuhi harapan. Aturan Satu: Semua pekerjaan ini sangat spesifik dalam konten, urutan, waktu, dan hasil. Semua proses dilakukan dalam urutan yang sama, dengan alat yang sama, menurut dengan spesifikasi yang sama. Ketepatan ini adalah batu penjuru dari bagaimana Toyota mengevaluasi kualitas. Di pabrik Toyota, tugas memiliki waktu tertentu di mana ia harus diselesaikan, bagian demi bagian. Bahkan lantai masing-masing area kerja ditandai dalam sepersepuluh, jadi jika seorang pekerja belum menyelesaikan bagian dari tugas sebelum menyeberang titik berikutnya di lantai, manajer bisa tahu persis di mana masalah telah muncul. Karena setiap tugas memiliki ukuran yang ditentukan untuk sukses, dapat diuji seperti hipotesis, sehingga menimbulkan penggunaan metode ilmiah. Jika kriteria tidak terpenuhi, baik orang yang melakukan tugas tersebut tidak mampu, atau kinerja aktivitas tidak benar-benar menciptakan hasil yang diharapkan. Karena hipotesis yang diuji telah terbukti palsu, baik pekerja membutuhkan lebih banyak pelatihan atau kegiatan tersebut perlu dirancang ulang. Aturan Dua:. Setiap hubungan antara karyawan harus distandarisasi, langsung, dan tidak ambigu Ketika seorang karyawan Toyota membuat permintaan, ada cara tertentu untuk menyatakan kebutuhan, dan ada orang tertentu yang akan memenuhi kebutuhan. Toyota menggunakan sistem kanban, di mana kartu memberitahu nomor bagian, kuantitas yang dibutuhkan, dan pekerja yang akan menggunakannya. Di perusahaan lain, di sana sering ada orang yang secara khusus ditugaskan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan menjawab permintaan. Sebaliknya, orang pertama yang tersedia akan melakukan apa yang dibutuhkan. Namun seringkali di perusahaan-perusahaan ini, tidak ada yang bertanggung jawab dan kebutuhan yang tersisa yang belum terpenuhi. Toyota juga mengakui bahwa karyawan akan membutuhkan bantuan dari satu sama lain. Perusahaan lain sering memiliki kebijakan tak tertulis bahwa karyawan harus mencoba untuk menyelesaikan masalah mereka sendiri sebelum mencari bantuan. Toyota, bagaimanapun, mengharapkan para pekerja untuk meminta bantuan segera. Seorang asisten yang ditunjuk maka harus segera merespon karena respon dalam jumlah waktu tertentu juga mengurangi variabilitas. Jika bantuan tidak dapat disampaikan dalam waktu yang diberikan, maka spesifikasi waktu hipotesis adalah palsu dan sistem perlu ditingkatkan. Aturan Tiga: Setiap produk dan layanan mengalir sepanjang ditentukan, jalur langsung. Tidak ada tikungan di jalur perakitan untuk gangguan operasi Toyota. Jika permintaan dibuat untuk lebih pasokan, permintaan ini tidak dibuat untuk orang berikutnya yang tersedia, tetapi untuk pra-ditentukan orang. Karena metode ini, setiap kali permintaan dibuat untuk bantuan atau persediaan atau sebaliknya, hipotesis bahwa penerima permintaan akan tersedia diuji. Jika penerima tidak tersedia untuk alasan apapun, maka sistem perlu dievaluasi dan diperbaiki. Peraturan Empat:. Semua perbaikan akan dilakukan sesuai dengan metode ilmiah karyawan Toyota tidak diajarkan aturan di atas ketika mereka mulai bekerja dengan perusahaan. Sebaliknya, mereka menemukan aturan melalui pemecahan masalah, yang dipimpin oleh atasan mereka. Pengawas mengajukan pertanyaan yang membuat karyawan kritis mengevaluasi pekerjaan yang dilakukan. Contoh pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini, "Bagaimana Anda tahu Anda melakukan pekerjaan ini dengan benar?" dan, "Apa yang Anda lakukan jika Anda memiliki masalah?" Karena pekerja diajarkan dari awal bagaimana untuk mengevaluasi pekerjaan mereka dan proses yang digunakan, Toyota mendorong dan mengharapkan bahwa ide-ide untuk perbaikan dirangsang oleh pekerja line, dengan bantuan dan pembinaan dari manajer. Bahkan perubahan pada tingkat yang lebih tinggi yang dibuat dengan cara ini, dengan memasukkan pada tim perbaikan orang-orang yang terlibat langsung dengan jalur dan prosedur yang sedang berubah. Toyota Big Picture Ketika perubahan yang dibuat dalam operasi Toyota, atau dalam setiap perusahaan berusaha untuk menerapkan Toyota sistem, standar baru harus diciptakan untuk menguji prosedur baru. Jika prosedur kemudian gagal memenuhi standar ini, itu ulang dan ditingkatkan, sampai di beberapa titik Toyota mencapai negara yang ideal. Persepsi "ideal" adalah penting untuk memahami mengapa Toyota telah begitu sukses. Output yang ideal Toyota harus bebas dari cacat, diciptakan untuk memenuhi kriteria tertentu, disediakan segera pada permintaan, tanpa membuang-buang sumber daya, dan dibuat dalam lingkungan yang aman. "Tanaman yang ideal Toyota memang akan menjadi salah satu di mana seorang pelanggan Toyota bisa melaju hingga dermaga pengiriman, meminta produk atau layanan yang disesuaikan, dan sekaligus dengan harga serendah mungkin dan tanpa cacat." Apa pendek dari tujuan ini menyisakan ruang untuk perbaikan dalam sistem operasi Toyota. Aturan operasinya adalah apa yang memungkinkan Toyota untuk melakukan perbaikan sementara masih terus menjalankan jalur produksi. Tanggung jawab untuk perubahan dan perbaikan didorong ke tingkat serendah mungkin. Toyota, dalam bentuk agregat yang, tidak pernah memiliki untuk menghentikan jalur perakitan untuk membuat perubahan, karena kecil, perbaikan spesifik yang dilakukan pada tingkat yang paling dasar terus-menerus. Ini "bersarang, struktur modular" memungkinkan perubahan dalam satu bagian untuk tidak mempengaruhi bagian lain dari sistem. ____________________________________________________ Catatan: Bila konsep dalam makalah ini digabungkan (dipelajari dengan hati-hati) dengan bahan lain seperti, pengendalian proses statistik, teori Deming, yang Johnson & Brom (Toyota) konsep "organisasi hidup", banyak konsep JIT dan sistem lain konsep, semuanya (misalnya, persaingan global relatif baru) mulai masuk akal. Sebagai contoh. Bagaimana kasur pabrik Toyota (disebutkan dalam makalah ini) menghasilkan 850 jenis kasur kualitas pada dua jalur perakitan dan memberikan ke rumah pelanggan dalam waktu 3 hari dari pesanan, dengan hanya 1,5 hari persediaan barang jadi? Lihat ringkasan Tombak 2004 untuk lebih Toyota dari salah satu penulis ini.





























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