A2F The future approach – Outcomes-based regulationIn late 2009, the F terjemahan - A2F The future approach – Outcomes-based regulationIn late 2009, the F Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

A2F The future approach – Outcomes-

A2F The future approach – Outcomes-based regulation
In late 2009, the FSA announced that its new emphasis will be on what it described as outcomes-based regulation. In future, the FSA will take the view that it will not matter so much whether a firm intends to do the right thing but whether the right thing is actually delivered to the customer, market or regulator.

A3 The effectiveness of insurance regulation

The regulatory pendulum
Regulation is just like a pendulum, and I have been several swings over the course of my career. High profile problems arising in the industry creates a public desire for ‘something to be done’. New regulation is introduced to address the problems and continues building up until there is an irresistible push back from the industry that the regulatory regime has become too bureaucratic and complex. The politicians eventually respond by ‘cutting red tape’ through deregulation. Then after a number of years, problems again begin to manifest themselves and the build up of regulation starts all over again.

Over the course of decades, the political desire to regulate an industry (particularly in the UK) tends to ebb and flow in response to the opposing pressures of public disquiet about industry problems and the industry’s concerns about over-interference in the way it carries out its activities. The regulated firms in insurance say they do not object in principle to being regulated, but there are frequent and vociferous complaints from them, and indeed from the public, about how regulation is being applied in practice – either it is too strict or not strict enough depending on their perspective. Regulators have to strike the right balance and are seldom able to please everyone.

At any given moment, the basic question that should be asked its how effective is insurance regulation in achieving its purpose – creating and maintaining the effective and efficient insurance market? The answer to that needs to be separated into its parts: Financial Services Industry Insurance, and Global vs UK. Figure 8.1 shows the author’s subjective view at the present time. Before the Credit Crunch it might have looked different, with the overall financial services industry regulation being perceived as being more much more effective. In the future it might look different again as new measures take effect.

Figure 8.1: Effectiveness in achieving purpose – ‘An effective and efficient market’


Global regulation
Low

Moderate

UK regulation
Low
Moderate to Good

Financial services industry Insurance



(a) Financial services regulation
From the global perspective, regulation of the wider financial services industry had been considered quite satisfactory until the Credit Crunch exposed its shortcomings.

The Basel Accord had been in place for some years and a relatively effective and efficient market had been in operation. However, in 2008 it became clear that regulators had not recognized and prevented the systemic risk implicit in the way lenders had been handling sub-prime loans. A liquidity crisis developed, with inter-bank lending drying up (knows as the ‘Credit Crunch’). The negative impact on the global economy was severe and resulted in a call for an overhaul of banking regulation across the world.

Credit Crunch 2008
Lenders took on tens of thousands of sub-prime (higher risk) mortgages during an extended period of rising house prices. The mortgages were securitized by lenders (i.e. bundled into collateralized debt obligations (CDO)). These were then sold to other banks where they could be sold on for cash or used as collateral to borrow funds – resulting in large bonuses for traders. In 2008, when the bubble in house prices eventually burst, those left holding the CDOs did not know whether mortgages in the bundle were good or bad. Banks lost confidence in each other’s balance sheets, inter-bank lending reduced, and a global liquidity crisis resulted.

The situation in the UK was perhaps worse than in most countries. Along with the USA, the exposure to escalating house prices and the subsequent securitization of mortgages were exceptionally high. Banks and building societies found themselves in serious difficulties and the Government was obliged to provide capital support. Some blame was directed at the FSA’s regulation.

Looking the wrong way?
The FSA was looking at solvency when it should have been looking at liquidity.

USA expecting harsher regulation
Wall Street no longer be allowed to govern itself. Even Alan Greenspan, high priest of laisssez-faire…has said he was mistaken to believe investors could be trusted to rein in risky practices. A new era of harsher regulation is just around the corner. Wall Street, it seems, simply cannot be trusted.

The FSA was criticized as having the wrong priorities (neglect of liquidity risk, and systemic risk) and having inadequate resources (insufficient staff with industry experience).

(b) Insurance regulation
The FSA’s regulation of insurance has been much more effective. Paradoxically, until recently the global regulation of insurance had been regarded as inferior to that of banking as it did not focus enough on risk, and also because regulatory standards varied considerably across the world. This meant that there was less confidence in the system, particularly in the public’s ability to understand an insurer’s accounts. This resulted in the move towards international convergence based on Basel II (see section B). There were a few high profile cases of insurers being caught up in the Credit Crunch but this was essentially a secondary effect – either they were insuring the credit risk of banks or, in a few cases, they had imitated the banks by investing in CDOs. Taken broadly, insurance regulation across the world, though far from perfect, is moderately effective in achieving its purpose and the convergence process described below should help improve it in the future.

In the UK, the FSA has been a test-bed for Basel II inspired insurance regulation. The FSA is generally regarded as bringing significant benefits in providing one of the most effective insurance regulatory regimes in the world. Nevertheless, it is not immune to criticisms, some fully justified, other less so.

The main benefits of the FSA regime in respect of insurance have been:
• Joined-up thinking – the FSA has been able to deal with issues along the whole value chain from reinsurer, primary insurer and intermediary, to the end customer. It is also able to deal with across sector issues such as bancassurance.
• Capital – it has undoubtedly improved capital discipline in insurers.
• Transparency – its ongoing initiatives to improve transparency are beginning to clarify how and when an intermediary is being rewarded by the insurer.
• Fairness – the Treating Customers Fairly initiative is bringing the whole concept of fairness into management decision making.

On the other hand, criticisms include the following:
• Bureaucracy – firms have complained about the bureaucracy of the regime. The Handbook itself rapidly reached 20,000 pages, much longer than the Bible and the Qur’an put together, and it was unlikely that even the most diligent compliance officer would have been able to read it all. Since then there has been a move to simplify it and make it more manageable. The counter argument is that many of the rules existed under previous regulators.
• Complexity – the rules are often criticized as being over-complex and are therefore poorly understood by firms.
• Cost – the cost of compliance and training is high and is passed on to the customer.
• Over-prescriptive – many rules, particularly those relating to conduct of business, are regarded by many firms as too intrusive into the way they operate in the market. The rules are sometimes said to be impractical, and, worse still, reduce customer choice. The expression ‘compliance fatigue’ is often used by firms trying to change their systems to meet new requirements. The FSA attempted to deal with this by the introduction of the principles-based approach.
• Unintended consequences – some rules appear to have produced the opposite outcome from that originally intended, e.g. some good life insurance products have been withdrawn by firms unwilling to comply with what they see as arduous requirements.
• Missing some high profile cases – the FSA have been criticized for not identifying and dealing early enough with several high profile cases, e.g. the collapse of Equitable Life and Independent Insurance.

If the decision on the future of the FSA were to be made solely on the basis of its track record in insurance, there is little doubt that it would not have been broken up. However, its failure to regulate the banks rigorously in the period leading up to the financial crisis sealed its fate.

Effective regulation
Effective regulation is not about the regulator writing volumes of detailed rules be applied by bureaucrats. It requires them to employ people who actually understand the business who can apply sound principles and talk credibly to firms at Board level.

In light of the benefits and criticisms, the UK Government also has a delicate balance to consider. A strongly regulated insurance market encourages customer confidence and thus should attract insurers to the UK market. However, if regulation (and taxation) becomes too demanding, firms will change their domicile to seek regulatory arbitrage.

Corporate management decision: Domicile
Companies need to decide where they should be regulated. The FSA has stated on a number of occasions that insurers will tend to move their head offices to countries with the strictest regulatory regimes. On the other hand, a number of insurers have already more away from the UK seeking a more benign regulatory and taxation climate. Consider the contradictory nature of these circumstances.




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A2F pendekatan masa depan-peraturan berbasis hasilPada akhir tahun 2009, FSA mengumumkan bahwa penekanan baru akan di apa yang digambarkan sebagai peraturan berbasis hasil. Di masa depan, FSA akan mengambil pandangan bahwa itu tidak akan peduli begitu banyak Apakah perusahaan yang bermaksud untuk melakukan hal yang benar tapi apakah hal yang benar benar-benar disampaikan kepada pelanggan, pasar atau regulator.A3 Berlakunya peraturan asuransiPendulum peraturanPeraturan adalah seperti pendulum, dan saya telah beberapa ayunan selama karir saya. Profil tinggi masalah yang timbul dalam industri menciptakan keinginan umum untuk 'sesuatu harus dilakukan'. Peraturan baru diperkenalkan untuk mengatasi masalah dan terus membangun sampai ada dorongan tak tertahankan kembali dari industri bahwa rezim peraturan telah menjadi terlalu birokrasi dan kompleks. Para politisi akhirnya menanggapi dengan 'pemotongan pita merah' melalui deregulasi. Kemudian setelah beberapa tahun, masalah lagi mulai menampakkan diri dan membangun peraturan dimulai lagi.Selama beberapa dekade, keinginan politik untuk mengatur industri (khususnya di Inggris) cenderung pasang surut dan aliran dalam menanggapi tekanan menentang umum kegelisahan tentang masalah-masalah industri dan industri kekhawatiran tentang over gangguan di jalan yang melaksanakan kegiatannya. Perusahaan-perusahaan yang diatur dalam asuransi mengatakan mereka tidak keberatan untuk menjadi diatur, tapi ada keluhan sering dan sengit dari mereka, dan memang dari masyarakat, tentang bagaimana peraturan yang diterapkan dalam praktek-baik itu terlalu ketat atau tidak cukup ketat tergantung pada perspektif mereka. Regulator memiliki untuk menyerang keseimbangan yang tepat dan jarang dapat menyenangkan semua orang.Setiap diberikan saat ini, pertanyaan dasar yang harus ditanyakan cara yang efektif adalah asuransi peraturan dalam mencapai tujuannya-menciptakan dan memelihara pasar asuransi yang efektif dan efisien? Jawaban yang perlu dipisahkan menjadi bagiannya: Keuangan Layanan industri asuransi, dan Global vs UK. 8.1 angka menunjukkan pandangan subjektif penulis saat ini. Sebelum krisis kredit itu mungkin telah tampak berbeda, dengan peraturan industri layanan keuangan secara keseluruhan dianggap sebagai lebih jauh lebih efektif. Di masa depan mungkin terlihat berbeda efek mengambil langkah-langkah lagi seperti baru.8.1 gambar: Efektivitas dalam mencapai tujuan – 'pasar yang efektif dan efisien'Peraturan global Rendah ModeratUK peraturan Rendah Moderat untuk sangat baik Industri jasa keuangan asuransi() Peraturan financial servicesDari perspektif global, peraturan industri jasa keuangan yang lebih luas telah dianggap cukup memuaskan sampai krisis kredit terkena kekurangannya.Basel Accord telah di tempat selama beberapa tahun dan pasar yang relatif efektif dan efisien telah beroperasi. Namun, di tahun 2008 menjadi jelas bahwa regulator tidak diakui dan mencegah risiko sistemik implisit dengan cara lender telah menangani sub-prime kredit. Krisis likuiditas dikembangkan, dengan antar bank pinjaman pengeringan up (tahu sebagai 'Credit Crunch'). Dampak negatif pada perekonomian global adalah parah dan mengakibatkan panggilan untuk perbaikan peraturan perbankan di seluruh dunia.Kredit Crunch 2008Lender mengambil puluhan ribu hipotek sub-prime (lebih tinggi risiko) selama jangka kenaikan harga rumah. Hipotik adalah securitized oleh lender (yaitu digabungkan dalam kewajiban bank yang dijaminkan: utang (CDO)). Ini kemudian dijual ke bank lain dimana mereka bisa dijual di untuk uang tunai atau digunakan sebagai jaminan untuk meminjam dana-mengakibatkan bonus besar untuk pedagang. Pada tahun 2008, ketika gelembung harga rumah akhirnya pecah, mereka kiri memegang CDO tidak tahu apakah kredit pemilikan rumah di bungkusan yang baik atau buruk. Bank kehilangan kepercayaan pada neraca masing-masing, antar bank pinjaman berkurang, dan menyebabkan krisis likuiditas global.Situasi di Inggris ini mungkin lebih buruk daripada di kebanyakan negara. Bersama dengan Amerika Serikat, paparan kenaikan harga rumah dan sekuritisasi berikutnya hipotek yang sangat tinggi. Bank dan membangun masyarakat yang menemukan diri mereka dalam kesulitan serius dan pemerintah berkewajiban untuk menyediakan dukungan permodalan. Menyalahkan ditujukan regulasi FSA. Mencari cara yang salah.FSA memandang solvabilitas ketika itu harus telah melihat likuiditas. USA mengharapkan peraturan kerasWall Street tidak lagi diizinkan untuk mengatur itu sendiri. Bahkan Alan Greenspan, imam laisssez-faire... mengatakan ia keliru percaya investor bisa dipercaya untuk mengekang praktek berisiko. Era baru peraturan keras adalah hanya sekitar sudut. Wall Street, tampaknya, hanya tidak dapat dipercaya. FSA dikritik sebagai memiliki prioritas yang salah (mengabaikan risiko likuiditas, dan risiko sistemik) dan memiliki sumber daya yang memadai (tidak cukup staf dengan pengalaman industri).(b) asuransi peraturanRegulasi FSA asuransi telah jauh lebih efektif. Paradoksnya, sampai saat ini peraturan global asuransi telah dianggap sebagai rendah dengan perbankan seperti itu tidak cukup pada risiko, fokus dan juga karena standar peraturan bervariasi di seluruh dunia. Ini berarti bahwa ada kurang percaya diri dalam sistem, khususnya dalam masyarakat kemampuan untuk memahami asuransi account. Ini mengakibatkan bergerak menuju konvergensi internasional yang berdasarkan Basel II (Lihat bagian B). Ada beberapa kasus profil tinggi asuransi yang terperangkap dalam krisis kredit, tetapi ini adalah dasarnya efek sekunder-baik mereka telah mengasuransikan risiko kredit dari bank atau, dalam beberapa kasus, mereka telah ditiru tepi dengan berinvestasi di CDO. Diambil secara luas, asuransi peraturan di seluruh dunia, meskipun jauh dari sempurna, ini cukup efektif dalam mencapai tujuannya dan proses konvergensi yang dijelaskan di bawah ini akan membantu meningkatkan di masa depan.Di Inggris, FSA telah ranjang tes untuk Basel II terinspirasi peraturan asuransi. FSA umumnya dianggap sebagai membawa manfaat yang signifikan dalam memberikan salah satu asuransi yang paling efektif, peraturan rezim di dunia. Namun demikian, hal ini tidak kebal terhadap kritik, beberapa sepenuhnya dibenarkan, lainnya kurang begitu.Manfaat utama dari rezim FSA sehubungan dengan asuransi telah:• Bergabung-up berpikir-FSA telah mampu menangani masalah sepanjang seluruh mata rantai dari reinsurer, perusahaan asuransi utama dan perantara, untuk akhir pelanggan. Hal ini juga mampu menangani seluruh masalah sektor seperti bancassurance.• Modal – itu telah pasti meningkat modal disiplin dalam asuransi.• Transparansi-inisiatif yang sedang berlangsung untuk meningkatkan transparansi mulai menjelaskan bagaimana dan Kapan perantara menjadi dihargai oleh perusahaan asuransi.• Keadilan – inisiatif memperlakukan nasabah dengan adil adalah membawa seluruh konsep keadilan ke dalam pengambilan keputusan manajemen.Di sisi lain, kritik adalah sebagai berikut:• Birokrasi – perusahaan mengeluh tentang birokrasi rezim. Buku pegangan itu sendiri dengan cepat mencapai 20.000 halaman, jauh lebih lama dari Alkitab dan Al Qur'an menempatkan bersama-sama, dan itu adalah tidak mungkin bahwa bahkan petugas kepatuhan paling rajin akan telah mampu membaca semuanya. Sejak itu telah bergerak untuk menyederhanakan dan membuatnya lebih mudah dikelola. Argumen kontra adalah bahwa berbagai aturan yang ada di bawah regulator sebelumnya. • Kompleksitas-aturan sering dikritik sebagai terlalu kompleks dan karena itu kurang dipahami oleh perusahaan.• Biaya-biaya pelatihan dan kepatuhan tinggi dan diteruskan kepada pelanggan.• Over-prescriptive – banyak peraturan, khususnya yang berkaitan dengan perilaku Bisnis, dianggap oleh banyak perusahaan sebagai terlalu mengganggu ke dalam cara mereka beroperasi di pasar. Aturan-aturan kadang-kadang dikatakan menjadi tidak praktis, dan, masih lebih buruk, mengurangi pilihan pelanggan. Ekspresi 'kepatuhan kelelahan' sering digunakan oleh perusahaan mencoba untuk mengubah sistem mereka untuk memenuhi persyaratan baru. FSA berusaha untuk menangani hal ini dengan pengenalan pendekatan berbasis prinsip.• Konsekuensi yang tidak diinginkan – beberapa aturan tampaknya telah menghasilkan hasil yang berlawanan dari yang awalnya ditujukan, misalnya beberapa produk asuransi jiwa yang baik telah ditarik oleh perusahaan-perusahaan yang mau mematuhi apa yang mereka lihat sebagai persyaratan sulit.• Yang hilang beberapa kasus profil tinggi-FSA telah dikritik karena tidak mengidentifikasi dan menangani beberapa kasus profil tinggi, misalnya runtuhnya kehidupan yang adil dan independen asuransi cukup dini.Jika keputusan tentang masa depan FSA dilakukan semata-mata berdasarkan Rekam jejaknya dalam asuransi, ada sedikit keraguan bahwa itu akan tidak telah dipecah. Namun, kegagalan untuk mengatur Bank ketat dalam tempoh yang membawa ke krisis finansial dimeteraikan nasib.Peraturan yang efektifEfektif peraturan ini bukan tentang regulator menulis volume rinci aturan diterapkan oleh birokrat. Hal ini membutuhkan mereka untuk mempekerjakan orang-orang yang benar-benar memahami bisnis yang dapat menerapkan prinsip-prinsip suara dan berbicara dipercaya untuk perusahaan-perusahaan tingkat papan.Mengingat manfaat dan kritik, pemerintah Inggris juga memiliki keseimbangan untuk mempertimbangkan. Pasar asuransi sangat diatur mendorong kepercayaan klien dan dengan demikian harus menarik asuransi untuk pasar Inggris. Namun, jika peraturan (dan perpajakan) menjadi terlalu menuntut, perusahaan akan mengubah mereka domisili untuk mencari Peraturan arbitrase.Keputusan manajemen perusahaan: domisiliPerusahaan harus memutuskan mana mereka harus diatur. FSA telah menyatakan pada sejumlah kesempatan bahwa asuransi akan cenderung untuk memindahkan kantor pusatnya ke negara-negara dengan rezim Peraturan ketat. Di sisi lain, jumlah asuransi memiliki sudah lebih dari Inggris mencari iklim peraturan dan perpajakan yang lebih jinak. Mempertimbangkan sifat kontradiktif dari keadaan ini.
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A2F The future approach – Outcomes-based regulation
In late 2009, the FSA announced that its new emphasis will be on what it described as outcomes-based regulation. In future, the FSA will take the view that it will not matter so much whether a firm intends to do the right thing but whether the right thing is actually delivered to the customer, market or regulator.

A3 The effectiveness of insurance regulation

The regulatory pendulum
Regulation is just like a pendulum, and I have been several swings over the course of my career. High profile problems arising in the industry creates a public desire for ‘something to be done’. New regulation is introduced to address the problems and continues building up until there is an irresistible push back from the industry that the regulatory regime has become too bureaucratic and complex. The politicians eventually respond by ‘cutting red tape’ through deregulation. Then after a number of years, problems again begin to manifest themselves and the build up of regulation starts all over again.

Over the course of decades, the political desire to regulate an industry (particularly in the UK) tends to ebb and flow in response to the opposing pressures of public disquiet about industry problems and the industry’s concerns about over-interference in the way it carries out its activities. The regulated firms in insurance say they do not object in principle to being regulated, but there are frequent and vociferous complaints from them, and indeed from the public, about how regulation is being applied in practice – either it is too strict or not strict enough depending on their perspective. Regulators have to strike the right balance and are seldom able to please everyone.

At any given moment, the basic question that should be asked its how effective is insurance regulation in achieving its purpose – creating and maintaining the effective and efficient insurance market? The answer to that needs to be separated into its parts: Financial Services Industry Insurance, and Global vs UK. Figure 8.1 shows the author’s subjective view at the present time. Before the Credit Crunch it might have looked different, with the overall financial services industry regulation being perceived as being more much more effective. In the future it might look different again as new measures take effect.

Figure 8.1: Effectiveness in achieving purpose – ‘An effective and efficient market’


Global regulation
Low

Moderate

UK regulation
Low
Moderate to Good

Financial services industry Insurance



(a) Financial services regulation
From the global perspective, regulation of the wider financial services industry had been considered quite satisfactory until the Credit Crunch exposed its shortcomings.

The Basel Accord had been in place for some years and a relatively effective and efficient market had been in operation. However, in 2008 it became clear that regulators had not recognized and prevented the systemic risk implicit in the way lenders had been handling sub-prime loans. A liquidity crisis developed, with inter-bank lending drying up (knows as the ‘Credit Crunch’). The negative impact on the global economy was severe and resulted in a call for an overhaul of banking regulation across the world.

Credit Crunch 2008
Lenders took on tens of thousands of sub-prime (higher risk) mortgages during an extended period of rising house prices. The mortgages were securitized by lenders (i.e. bundled into collateralized debt obligations (CDO)). These were then sold to other banks where they could be sold on for cash or used as collateral to borrow funds – resulting in large bonuses for traders. In 2008, when the bubble in house prices eventually burst, those left holding the CDOs did not know whether mortgages in the bundle were good or bad. Banks lost confidence in each other’s balance sheets, inter-bank lending reduced, and a global liquidity crisis resulted.

The situation in the UK was perhaps worse than in most countries. Along with the USA, the exposure to escalating house prices and the subsequent securitization of mortgages were exceptionally high. Banks and building societies found themselves in serious difficulties and the Government was obliged to provide capital support. Some blame was directed at the FSA’s regulation.

Looking the wrong way?
The FSA was looking at solvency when it should have been looking at liquidity.

USA expecting harsher regulation
Wall Street no longer be allowed to govern itself. Even Alan Greenspan, high priest of laisssez-faire…has said he was mistaken to believe investors could be trusted to rein in risky practices. A new era of harsher regulation is just around the corner. Wall Street, it seems, simply cannot be trusted.

The FSA was criticized as having the wrong priorities (neglect of liquidity risk, and systemic risk) and having inadequate resources (insufficient staff with industry experience).

(b) Insurance regulation
The FSA’s regulation of insurance has been much more effective. Paradoxically, until recently the global regulation of insurance had been regarded as inferior to that of banking as it did not focus enough on risk, and also because regulatory standards varied considerably across the world. This meant that there was less confidence in the system, particularly in the public’s ability to understand an insurer’s accounts. This resulted in the move towards international convergence based on Basel II (see section B). There were a few high profile cases of insurers being caught up in the Credit Crunch but this was essentially a secondary effect – either they were insuring the credit risk of banks or, in a few cases, they had imitated the banks by investing in CDOs. Taken broadly, insurance regulation across the world, though far from perfect, is moderately effective in achieving its purpose and the convergence process described below should help improve it in the future.

In the UK, the FSA has been a test-bed for Basel II inspired insurance regulation. The FSA is generally regarded as bringing significant benefits in providing one of the most effective insurance regulatory regimes in the world. Nevertheless, it is not immune to criticisms, some fully justified, other less so.

The main benefits of the FSA regime in respect of insurance have been:
• Joined-up thinking – the FSA has been able to deal with issues along the whole value chain from reinsurer, primary insurer and intermediary, to the end customer. It is also able to deal with across sector issues such as bancassurance.
• Capital – it has undoubtedly improved capital discipline in insurers.
• Transparency – its ongoing initiatives to improve transparency are beginning to clarify how and when an intermediary is being rewarded by the insurer.
• Fairness – the Treating Customers Fairly initiative is bringing the whole concept of fairness into management decision making.

On the other hand, criticisms include the following:
• Bureaucracy – firms have complained about the bureaucracy of the regime. The Handbook itself rapidly reached 20,000 pages, much longer than the Bible and the Qur’an put together, and it was unlikely that even the most diligent compliance officer would have been able to read it all. Since then there has been a move to simplify it and make it more manageable. The counter argument is that many of the rules existed under previous regulators.
• Complexity – the rules are often criticized as being over-complex and are therefore poorly understood by firms.
• Cost – the cost of compliance and training is high and is passed on to the customer.
• Over-prescriptive – many rules, particularly those relating to conduct of business, are regarded by many firms as too intrusive into the way they operate in the market. The rules are sometimes said to be impractical, and, worse still, reduce customer choice. The expression ‘compliance fatigue’ is often used by firms trying to change their systems to meet new requirements. The FSA attempted to deal with this by the introduction of the principles-based approach.
• Unintended consequences – some rules appear to have produced the opposite outcome from that originally intended, e.g. some good life insurance products have been withdrawn by firms unwilling to comply with what they see as arduous requirements.
• Missing some high profile cases – the FSA have been criticized for not identifying and dealing early enough with several high profile cases, e.g. the collapse of Equitable Life and Independent Insurance.

If the decision on the future of the FSA were to be made solely on the basis of its track record in insurance, there is little doubt that it would not have been broken up. However, its failure to regulate the banks rigorously in the period leading up to the financial crisis sealed its fate.

Effective regulation
Effective regulation is not about the regulator writing volumes of detailed rules be applied by bureaucrats. It requires them to employ people who actually understand the business who can apply sound principles and talk credibly to firms at Board level.

In light of the benefits and criticisms, the UK Government also has a delicate balance to consider. A strongly regulated insurance market encourages customer confidence and thus should attract insurers to the UK market. However, if regulation (and taxation) becomes too demanding, firms will change their domicile to seek regulatory arbitrage.

Corporate management decision: Domicile
Companies need to decide where they should be regulated. The FSA has stated on a number of occasions that insurers will tend to move their head offices to countries with the strictest regulatory regimes. On the other hand, a number of insurers have already more away from the UK seeking a more benign regulatory and taxation climate. Consider the contradictory nature of these circumstances.




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