- Teks
- Sejarah
Journal of Business & Economic Stud
Journal of Business & Economic Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, Fall 2010
Computers and Packaged Software: Necessary or Luxury Goods?
Longitudinal Empirical Analysis and Its Implications
Min Lu, Robert Morris University
Steven Thompson, University of Richmond
Yanbin Tu, Robert Morris University
Abstract
This study investigated the income elasticity of demand for computers and packaged software in
the United States from 1992 to 2003. Using cointegration analysis with quarterly time series
data, we found that computers and packaged software are necessary goods to private firms,
luxury goods to households, and inferior goods to government agencies. By using flexible least
squares, we showed that these income elasticities generally are stable over the time horizon. We
found that while private firms represent the bulk of computer and packaged software sales,
growth in household expenditure is the precursor to growth in the overall market. The extended
analysis on IT and communication products and services also suggests broader IT products are
luxury products to households. The managerial implications of our findings are discussed.
Key Words: Income Elasticity, Necessary Goods, Luxury Goods, Cointegration, Flexible Least
Square (FLS)
JEL Classifications: D6/E5/O16
Introduction
Organizations engaged in the manufacturing and sales of computers and packaged
software and other IT products have been forced to confront a dynamic and challenging market
place. The intensity of this competition is evidenced by rapidly falling prices over time, short
product life cycles, and high rates of firm failure and consolidation. In this environment, the
ability to attract and retain consumers, while maintaining reasonable profit margins, is critical to
the success of any organization.
Since price reductions have the potential to negatively impact revenue and profits, they
should be performed judiciously so that the price is reduced by the smallest amount required to
stimulate the desired level of demand. One strategy firms use to achieve this objective is to
incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in price. Another alternative
not frequently used is to incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in
consumer income level. To this end, product life-cycle theory and the theory of income elasticity
of demand provided a useful framework for understanding how the demand for a product will
change in response to changes in consumer budget. We proposed that providing organizations
with information that enables them to segment more effectively their consumers into groups that
exhibit similar purchasing behavior will facilitate better pricing and marketing strategies.
The idea of segmenting customers is not new in the technology sector. Many computer
and packaged software vendors (such as Dell and Microsoft) divide their customers into
categories of home, small business, and large business. However, these segmentations typically
Computers and Packaged Software: Necessary or Luxury Goods?
Longitudinal Empirical Analysis and Its Implications
Min Lu, Robert Morris University
Steven Thompson, University of Richmond
Yanbin Tu, Robert Morris University
Abstract
This study investigated the income elasticity of demand for computers and packaged software in
the United States from 1992 to 2003. Using cointegration analysis with quarterly time series
data, we found that computers and packaged software are necessary goods to private firms,
luxury goods to households, and inferior goods to government agencies. By using flexible least
squares, we showed that these income elasticities generally are stable over the time horizon. We
found that while private firms represent the bulk of computer and packaged software sales,
growth in household expenditure is the precursor to growth in the overall market. The extended
analysis on IT and communication products and services also suggests broader IT products are
luxury products to households. The managerial implications of our findings are discussed.
Key Words: Income Elasticity, Necessary Goods, Luxury Goods, Cointegration, Flexible Least
Square (FLS)
JEL Classifications: D6/E5/O16
Introduction
Organizations engaged in the manufacturing and sales of computers and packaged
software and other IT products have been forced to confront a dynamic and challenging market
place. The intensity of this competition is evidenced by rapidly falling prices over time, short
product life cycles, and high rates of firm failure and consolidation. In this environment, the
ability to attract and retain consumers, while maintaining reasonable profit margins, is critical to
the success of any organization.
Since price reductions have the potential to negatively impact revenue and profits, they
should be performed judiciously so that the price is reduced by the smallest amount required to
stimulate the desired level of demand. One strategy firms use to achieve this objective is to
incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in price. Another alternative
not frequently used is to incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in
consumer income level. To this end, product life-cycle theory and the theory of income elasticity
of demand provided a useful framework for understanding how the demand for a product will
change in response to changes in consumer budget. We proposed that providing organizations
with information that enables them to segment more effectively their consumers into groups that
exhibit similar purchasing behavior will facilitate better pricing and marketing strategies.
The idea of segmenting customers is not new in the technology sector. Many computer
and packaged software vendors (such as Dell and Microsoft) divide their customers into
categories of home, small business, and large business. However, these segmentations typically
3018/5000
Journal of Business & Economic Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, Fall 2010Computers and Packaged Software: Necessary or Luxury Goods?Longitudinal Empirical Analysis and Its ImplicationsMin Lu, Robert Morris UniversitySteven Thompson, University of RichmondYanbin Tu, Robert Morris UniversityAbstractThis study investigated the income elasticity of demand for computers and packaged software inthe United States from 1992 to 2003. Using cointegration analysis with quarterly time seriesdata, we found that computers and packaged software are necessary goods to private firms,luxury goods to households, and inferior goods to government agencies. By using flexible leastsquares, we showed that these income elasticities generally are stable over the time horizon. Wefound that while private firms represent the bulk of computer and packaged software sales,growth in household expenditure is the precursor to growth in the overall market. The extendedanalysis on IT and communication products and services also suggests broader IT products areluxury products to households. The managerial implications of our findings are discussed.Key Words: Income Elasticity, Necessary Goods, Luxury Goods, Cointegration, Flexible LeastSquare (FLS)JEL Classifications: D6/E5/O16IntroductionOrganizations engaged in the manufacturing and sales of computers and packagedsoftware and other IT products have been forced to confront a dynamic and challenging marketplace. The intensity of this competition is evidenced by rapidly falling prices over time, short
product life cycles, and high rates of firm failure and consolidation. In this environment, the
ability to attract and retain consumers, while maintaining reasonable profit margins, is critical to
the success of any organization.
Since price reductions have the potential to negatively impact revenue and profits, they
should be performed judiciously so that the price is reduced by the smallest amount required to
stimulate the desired level of demand. One strategy firms use to achieve this objective is to
incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in price. Another alternative
not frequently used is to incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in
consumer income level. To this end, product life-cycle theory and the theory of income elasticity
of demand provided a useful framework for understanding how the demand for a product will
change in response to changes in consumer budget. We proposed that providing organizations
with information that enables them to segment more effectively their consumers into groups that
exhibit similar purchasing behavior will facilitate better pricing and marketing strategies.
The idea of segmenting customers is not new in the technology sector. Many computer
and packaged software vendors (such as Dell and Microsoft) divide their customers into
categories of home, small business, and large business. However, these segmentations typically
product life cycles, and high rates of firm failure and consolidation. In this environment, the
ability to attract and retain consumers, while maintaining reasonable profit margins, is critical to
the success of any organization.
Since price reductions have the potential to negatively impact revenue and profits, they
should be performed judiciously so that the price is reduced by the smallest amount required to
stimulate the desired level of demand. One strategy firms use to achieve this objective is to
incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in price. Another alternative
not frequently used is to incorporate how consumer demand changes in response to changes in
consumer income level. To this end, product life-cycle theory and the theory of income elasticity
of demand provided a useful framework for understanding how the demand for a product will
change in response to changes in consumer budget. We proposed that providing organizations
with information that enables them to segment more effectively their consumers into groups that
exhibit similar purchasing behavior will facilitate better pricing and marketing strategies.
The idea of segmenting customers is not new in the technology sector. Many computer
and packaged software vendors (such as Dell and Microsoft) divide their customers into
categories of home, small business, and large business. However, these segmentations typically
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Jurnal Bisnis & Ekonomi Studi, Vol. 16, No. 2, Fall 2010
Komputer dan Software Dikemas:? Barang Diperlukan atau Mewah
Longitudinal Analisis Empiris dan Implikasinya
Min Lu, Robert Morris University
Steven Thompson, University of Richmond
Yanbin Tu, Robert Morris University
Abstrak
Penelitian ini meneliti elastisitas pendapatan permintaan untuk komputer dan perangkat lunak dikemas dalam
Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1992 hingga 2003. Dengan menggunakan analisis kointegrasi dengan time series kuartalan
data, kami menemukan bahwa komputer dan perangkat lunak dikemas adalah barang yang diperlukan untuk perusahaan-perusahaan swasta,
barang-barang mewah untuk rumah tangga, dan barang-barang lebih rendah daripada instansi pemerintah. Dengan menggunakan paling fleksibel
kotak, kami menunjukkan bahwa elastisitas pendapatan ini umumnya stabil selama horizon waktu. Kami
menemukan bahwa sementara perusahaan swasta mewakili sebagian besar komputer dan penjualan perangkat lunak dikemas,
pertumbuhan pengeluaran rumah tangga adalah prekursor pertumbuhan pasar secara keseluruhan. Diperpanjang
analisis pada produk dan layanan komunikasi IT dan juga menunjukkan produk IT yang lebih luas adalah
produk mewah untuk rumah tangga. Implikasi manajerial dari temuan kami yang dibahas.
Kata Kunci: Pendapatan Elastisitas, Barang Diperlukan, Barang Mewah, Kointegrasi, Fleksibel Least
Square (FLS)
Klasifikasi JEL: D6 / E5 / O16
Pendahuluan
Organisasi yang terlibat dalam pembuatan dan penjualan komputer dan dikemas
perangkat lunak dan produk IT lainnya telah dipaksa untuk menghadapi pasar yang dinamis dan menantang
tempat. Intensitas kompetisi ini dibuktikan dengan cepat jatuh harga dari waktu ke waktu, singkat
siklus hidup produk, dan tingginya tingkat kegagalan perusahaan dan konsolidasi. Dalam lingkungan ini,
kemampuan untuk menarik dan mempertahankan konsumen, sambil mempertahankan margin keuntungan yang wajar, sangat penting untuk
keberhasilan setiap organisasi.
Karena penurunan harga memiliki potensi untuk berdampak negatif pendapatan dan keuntungan, mereka
harus dilakukan secara bijaksana sehingga harga dikurangi dengan jumlah terkecil yang diperlukan untuk
merangsang tingkat yang diinginkan permintaan. Salah satu perusahaan strategi digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan ini adalah untuk
menggabungkan bagaimana perubahan permintaan konsumen dalam menanggapi perubahan harga. Alternatif lain
tidak sering digunakan adalah untuk menggabungkan bagaimana perubahan permintaan konsumen dalam menanggapi perubahan dalam
tingkat pendapatan konsumen. Untuk tujuan ini, teori siklus hidup produk dan teori elastisitas pendapatan
dari permintaan memberikan kerangka yang berguna untuk memahami bagaimana permintaan produk akan
berubah dalam menanggapi perubahan anggaran konsumen. Kami mengusulkan agar menyediakan organisasi
dengan informasi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk segmen lebih efektif konsumen mereka menjadi kelompok-kelompok yang
menunjukkan perilaku serupa pembelian akan memfasilitasi strategi harga dan pemasaran yang lebih baik.
Ide segmentasi pelanggan bukanlah hal baru di sektor teknologi. Banyak komputer
dan vendor perangkat lunak paket (seperti Dell dan Microsoft) membagi pelanggan mereka ke dalam
kategori rumah, usaha kecil, dan usaha besar. Namun, segmentasi tersebut biasanya
Komputer dan Software Dikemas:? Barang Diperlukan atau Mewah
Longitudinal Analisis Empiris dan Implikasinya
Min Lu, Robert Morris University
Steven Thompson, University of Richmond
Yanbin Tu, Robert Morris University
Abstrak
Penelitian ini meneliti elastisitas pendapatan permintaan untuk komputer dan perangkat lunak dikemas dalam
Amerika Serikat dari tahun 1992 hingga 2003. Dengan menggunakan analisis kointegrasi dengan time series kuartalan
data, kami menemukan bahwa komputer dan perangkat lunak dikemas adalah barang yang diperlukan untuk perusahaan-perusahaan swasta,
barang-barang mewah untuk rumah tangga, dan barang-barang lebih rendah daripada instansi pemerintah. Dengan menggunakan paling fleksibel
kotak, kami menunjukkan bahwa elastisitas pendapatan ini umumnya stabil selama horizon waktu. Kami
menemukan bahwa sementara perusahaan swasta mewakili sebagian besar komputer dan penjualan perangkat lunak dikemas,
pertumbuhan pengeluaran rumah tangga adalah prekursor pertumbuhan pasar secara keseluruhan. Diperpanjang
analisis pada produk dan layanan komunikasi IT dan juga menunjukkan produk IT yang lebih luas adalah
produk mewah untuk rumah tangga. Implikasi manajerial dari temuan kami yang dibahas.
Kata Kunci: Pendapatan Elastisitas, Barang Diperlukan, Barang Mewah, Kointegrasi, Fleksibel Least
Square (FLS)
Klasifikasi JEL: D6 / E5 / O16
Pendahuluan
Organisasi yang terlibat dalam pembuatan dan penjualan komputer dan dikemas
perangkat lunak dan produk IT lainnya telah dipaksa untuk menghadapi pasar yang dinamis dan menantang
tempat. Intensitas kompetisi ini dibuktikan dengan cepat jatuh harga dari waktu ke waktu, singkat
siklus hidup produk, dan tingginya tingkat kegagalan perusahaan dan konsolidasi. Dalam lingkungan ini,
kemampuan untuk menarik dan mempertahankan konsumen, sambil mempertahankan margin keuntungan yang wajar, sangat penting untuk
keberhasilan setiap organisasi.
Karena penurunan harga memiliki potensi untuk berdampak negatif pendapatan dan keuntungan, mereka
harus dilakukan secara bijaksana sehingga harga dikurangi dengan jumlah terkecil yang diperlukan untuk
merangsang tingkat yang diinginkan permintaan. Salah satu perusahaan strategi digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan ini adalah untuk
menggabungkan bagaimana perubahan permintaan konsumen dalam menanggapi perubahan harga. Alternatif lain
tidak sering digunakan adalah untuk menggabungkan bagaimana perubahan permintaan konsumen dalam menanggapi perubahan dalam
tingkat pendapatan konsumen. Untuk tujuan ini, teori siklus hidup produk dan teori elastisitas pendapatan
dari permintaan memberikan kerangka yang berguna untuk memahami bagaimana permintaan produk akan
berubah dalam menanggapi perubahan anggaran konsumen. Kami mengusulkan agar menyediakan organisasi
dengan informasi yang memungkinkan mereka untuk segmen lebih efektif konsumen mereka menjadi kelompok-kelompok yang
menunjukkan perilaku serupa pembelian akan memfasilitasi strategi harga dan pemasaran yang lebih baik.
Ide segmentasi pelanggan bukanlah hal baru di sektor teknologi. Banyak komputer
dan vendor perangkat lunak paket (seperti Dell dan Microsoft) membagi pelanggan mereka ke dalam
kategori rumah, usaha kecil, dan usaha besar. Namun, segmentasi tersebut biasanya
Sedang diterjemahkan, harap tunggu..
Bahasa lainnya
Dukungan alat penerjemahan: Afrikans, Albania, Amhara, Arab, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahasa Indonesia, Basque, Belanda, Belarussia, Bengali, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Burma, Cebuano, Ceko, Chichewa, China, Cina Tradisional, Denmark, Deteksi bahasa, Esperanto, Estonia, Farsi, Finlandia, Frisia, Gaelig, Gaelik Skotlandia, Galisia, Georgia, Gujarati, Hausa, Hawaii, Hindi, Hmong, Ibrani, Igbo, Inggris, Islan, Italia, Jawa, Jepang, Jerman, Kannada, Katala, Kazak, Khmer, Kinyarwanda, Kirghiz, Klingon, Korea, Korsika, Kreol Haiti, Kroat, Kurdi, Laos, Latin, Latvia, Lituania, Luksemburg, Magyar, Makedonia, Malagasi, Malayalam, Malta, Maori, Marathi, Melayu, Mongol, Nepal, Norsk, Odia (Oriya), Pashto, Polandia, Portugis, Prancis, Punjabi, Rumania, Rusia, Samoa, Serb, Sesotho, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somali, Spanyol, Sunda, Swahili, Swensk, Tagalog, Tajik, Tamil, Tatar, Telugu, Thai, Turki, Turkmen, Ukraina, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek, Vietnam, Wales, Xhosa, Yiddi, Yoruba, Yunani, Zulu, Bahasa terjemahan.
- Hiasi hari ini dengan kapasitas berfikir
- asu
- Saya berterima kasih kepada lenders dan
- anjing
- Ganteng sekali
- Saya tinggal di kota bogor negara indone
- Ganteng sekali
- Story of Technical WritingHistory of Wri
- Way, and why
- Story of Technical WritingHistory of Wri
- Awali hari ini dengan kapasitas berfikir
- hati-hati di jalan ya manja semoga sampa
- Saya berterima kasih kepada lenders dan
- ini gayaku yang norak
- Dia harus pergi
- Hidup
- ytu
- aku cinta kamu
- hati-hati di jalan ya dona semoga sampai
- Which way did you come?
- depreende -se
- aku cinta sama kamu
- na li sue
- When I was 2 year old my sister was half
