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7.1 Monopolistic CompetitionAssumpt

7.1 Monopolistic Competition
Assumptions of monopolistic competition
• There is quite a large number of firms. As a result each firm has only a small share of the market, and therefore its action are unlikely to affect its rivals to any great extent. What this means is that each firm in making its decisions does not have to worry how its rivals will react. It assumes that what its rivals choose to do will not be influenced by what it does. This is known as the assumption of independence. (As we shall see later, this is not the case under oligopoly. There we assume that firms believe that their decisions do affect their rivals, and that their rivals’ decisions will affect them. Under oligopoly we assume that firms are independent.)
• There is freedom of entry of new firms into the industry. If any firm wants to set up in business in this market, it is free to do so.
In these two respects, therefore, monopolistic competition is like perfect competition.
• Unlike perfect competition, however, each firm produces a product or provides a service in some way different from its rivals. As a result it can raise its price without losing all its customers. Thus its demand curve is downward sloping, albeit relatively elastic given the large number of competitors to which customers can turn. This is known as the assumption of product differentiation.
Petrol stations, restaurants, hairdressers and builders are all examples of monopolistic competition.
A typical feature of monopolistic competition is that, although there are many firms in the industry, there is only one firm in a particular location. This applies particularly in retailing. There may be several newsagents in a town, but only one in a particular street. In a sense, therefore, it has a local monopoly. People may be prepared to pay higher prices there to avoid having to go elsewhere.
Equilibrium of the firm
Short run
As with other market structures, profits are maximised at the output where MC = MR. The diagram will be the same as for the monopolist, except that the AR and MR curves will be more elastic. This is illustrated in Figure 7.1 (a). As with perfect compettion, it is possible for the monopolistically competitive firm to make supernormal profit in the short run. This is shown as the shaded area.
Just how much profit the firm will make in the short run depends on the strength of demand: the position and elasticity of the demand curve. The further to the right the demand curve is relative to the average cost curve, and the less elastic the demand curve is, the greater will be the firm’s short-run profit. Thus a firm whose product is considerably differentiated from those of its rivals may be able to earn considerable short-run profits.
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7.1 Monopolistic CompetitionAssumptions of monopolistic competition• There is quite a large number of firms. As a result each firm has only a small share of the market, and therefore its action are unlikely to affect its rivals to any great extent. What this means is that each firm in making its decisions does not have to worry how its rivals will react. It assumes that what its rivals choose to do will not be influenced by what it does. This is known as the assumption of independence. (As we shall see later, this is not the case under oligopoly. There we assume that firms believe that their decisions do affect their rivals, and that their rivals’ decisions will affect them. Under oligopoly we assume that firms are independent.)• There is freedom of entry of new firms into the industry. If any firm wants to set up in business in this market, it is free to do so.In these two respects, therefore, monopolistic competition is like perfect competition.• Unlike perfect competition, however, each firm produces a product or provides a service in some way different from its rivals. As a result it can raise its price without losing all its customers. Thus its demand curve is downward sloping, albeit relatively elastic given the large number of competitors to which customers can turn. This is known as the assumption of product differentiation.Petrol stations, restaurants, hairdressers and builders are all examples of monopolistic competition.A typical feature of monopolistic competition is that, although there are many firms in the industry, there is only one firm in a particular location. This applies particularly in retailing. There may be several newsagents in a town, but only one in a particular street. In a sense, therefore, it has a local monopoly. People may be prepared to pay higher prices there to avoid having to go elsewhere.Equilibrium of the firm Short runAs with other market structures, profits are maximised at the output where MC = MR. The diagram will be the same as for the monopolist, except that the AR and MR curves will be more elastic. This is illustrated in Figure 7.1 (a). As with perfect compettion, it is possible for the monopolistically competitive firm to make supernormal profit in the short run. This is shown as the shaded area. Just how much profit the firm will make in the short run depends on the strength of demand: the position and elasticity of the demand curve. The further to the right the demand curve is relative to the average cost curve, and the less elastic the demand curve is, the greater will be the firm’s short-run profit. Thus a firm whose product is considerably differentiated from those of its rivals may be able to earn considerable short-run profits.
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7.1 Persaingan Monopoli
Asumsi persaingan monopolistik
• Ada cukup banyak perusahaan. Akibatnya setiap perusahaan hanya memiliki pangsa pasar yang kecil, dan karena itu aksinya tidak mungkin untuk mempengaruhi para pesaingnya ke sebagian besar. Apakah ini berarti bahwa setiap perusahaan dalam membuat keputusan yang tidak perlu khawatir bagaimana para pesaingnya akan bereaksi. Ini mengasumsikan bahwa apa yang para pesaingnya memilih untuk tidak akan dipengaruhi oleh apa yang dilakukannya. Ini dikenal sebagai asumsi kemerdekaan. (Seperti yang akan kita lihat nanti, hal ini tidak terjadi di bawah oligopoli. Ada kita asumsikan bahwa perusahaan percaya bahwa keputusan mereka tidak mempengaruhi saingan mereka, dan bahwa keputusan saingan mereka akan mempengaruhi mereka. Di bawah oligopoli kita mengasumsikan bahwa perusahaan independen.)
• Ada kebebasan masuknya perusahaan baru ke dalam industri. Jika setiap perusahaan ingin mendirikan bisnis di pasar ini, ia bebas untuk melakukannya.
Dalam dua hal ini, oleh karena itu, persaingan monopolistis adalah seperti persaingan sempurna.
• Tidak seperti persaingan sempurna, namun, setiap perusahaan memproduksi produk atau menyediakan layanan dalam beberapa cara yang berbeda dari para pesaingnya. Akibatnya dapat menaikkan harga tanpa kehilangan semua pelanggan. Dengan demikian kurva permintaan adalah miring ke bawah, meskipun relatif elastis mengingat jumlah besar pesaing yang pelanggan bisa berubah. Ini dikenal sebagai asumsi diferensiasi produk.
Bensin stasiun, restoran, penata rambut dan pembangun merupakan contoh dari persaingan monopolistik.
Sebuah fitur khas persaingan monopolistik adalah bahwa, meskipun ada banyak perusahaan di industri, hanya ada satu perusahaan dalam lokasi tertentu. Hal ini berlaku terutama di ritel. Mungkin ada beberapa agen koran di kota, tapi hanya satu di jalan tertentu. Dalam arti, oleh karena itu, memiliki monopoli lokal. Orang mungkin siap untuk membayar harga yang lebih tinggi di sana untuk menghindari pergi ke tempat lain.
Equilibrium dari perusahaan
jangka pendek
Seperti dengan struktur pasar lainnya, keuntungan yang dimaksimalkan pada output di mana MC = MR. Diagram akan sama seperti untuk perusahaan monopoli, kecuali bahwa AR dan kurva MR akan lebih elastis. Hal ini digambarkan pada Gambar 7.1 (a). Seperti compettion sempurna, adalah mungkin bagi perusahaan persaingan monopolistis untuk membuat keuntungan supernormal dalam jangka pendek. Hal ini ditunjukkan sebagai daerah yang diarsir.
Hanya berapa banyak keuntungan perusahaan akan membuat dalam jangka pendek tergantung pada kekuatan permintaan: posisi dan elastisitas kurva permintaan. Lebih lanjut ke kanan kurva permintaan relatif terhadap kurva biaya rata-rata, dan kurang elastis kurva permintaan, semakin besar akan keuntungan jangka pendek perusahaan. Jadi sebuah perusahaan yang produknya jauh dibedakan dari orang-orang dari para pesaingnya mungkin dapat memperoleh cukup keuntungan jangka pendek.
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