Authority, Intellectuals, and the
Politics of Practical Learning
WE LIVE, ~'Ar ,K IMEW HEN DEMOCMCY is in retreat. Nowhere
is this more obvious than in the current debate sumounding the relationship
bemeen schooling and authority. As is the case with most public issues
in the age of Reagm, the new consemtiws have seized the iniliative
and argued that the current crisis in public education is due to the
loss of au'tlnorig. In this discourse, the call for a reconstituled authority
along conservative lines is coupled with the charge that the crisis in
schooling is in part due to a crisis in the yider culture, kvhich is presented
as a "'spiritual-moral"" crisis, The problem is clearly articulated by Diane
Ravitch, who argues that this pervasive "toss of arrthori~"s tems from
confused ideas, irresolute standads, and cultural relati.irism.f As a form
of legitimation, this view of authority appeals to an established czrttural
tradition, whose practices and vdues appear beyond crilicism. A~thoriq~
in this case, represents an idealized version ofthe American Dream reminiscent
of nineteenth-century dominant culture in which the tradition
becomes sgmonymous with hard work, industrial discipline, and cheerful
obedience, X t is a short leap between this ~eowf th e past and the new
conservative vision of schools as cmcibtes in which to forge indus(ria1
soldiers fueled by the imperalives of excellence, competition, and downhome
characte~In effect, far the new conservatives, learning approximates
a practice mediated by strong teacher authority and a stcrdent willingness
to learn the basics, adjust to the imperatives of the social and
economic order, and exhibit what Edward A, Wpne calls the traditional
moral aims of ""promptness, truthfulness, courtesy, and obedience,"""
What is most striking about the new conservative discourse on
schooling is its rehsal to link the issue of authority to the rhetoric of
freedom and democracy, In other words, what is missing from this perspective
as welf as from more critical perspeclives is any attempt to reinvent
a view of self-constituted authority that expresses a democratic
conception of collective life, one that is embodied, in an ethic of sofidarity
social transformation, and m imaginative vision of citizenship." be
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