ing transfer pricing adjustments based on actual profitexperience is t terjemahan - ing transfer pricing adjustments based on actual profitexperience is t Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

ing transfer pricing adjustments ba

ing transfer pricing adjustments based on actual profit
experience is the ultimate weapon, although perhaps
its lack of actual application in practice by the IRS in
the U.S. suggests it is too powerful a tool to have
much practical application.
Finally, Action 8 also promises to update the existing
guidance on cost contribution arrangements
(CCAs) in Chapter VIII of the Guidelines. It is likely
that that work will not involve development of significant
new guidance, but rather will consist of simply
importing any new guidance from the final update of
the intangibles chapter into the CCA chapter of the
Guidelines.
Action 9 commits the OECD to preventing BEPS
by multinationals transferring risks among, or allocating
excessive capital to, group members. The OECD
will also develop new transfer pricing rules or ‘‘special
measures’’ to ensure that ‘‘inappropriate’’ returns
cannot be achieved solely by contractually assuming
risks or providing capital. The theme of aligning returns
with ‘‘value creation’’ continues, although that
term is left undefined, and the work will be coordinated
with the proposed work on interest expense deductions
and other financial payments.
The proposal to limit returns that can be achieved
by contractually assuming risks continues to reflect
the OECD’s discomfort with the Article 9 model of
rewarding the assumption and bearing of risk; risk being
a mobile generator of value that can be transferred
among related parties by contract. But preventing
BEPS resulting from transferring risks among group
members will be a difficult task. Any principled attempt
to restrict the impact of risk allocation on transfer
pricing results cannot include a general rule or
even presumption that risk transfers among group
members should not be given effect for income allocation
purposes. Outside of a business restructurings
case, risk is not so much allocated or transferred as it
is delineated — the quantum of risk being assumed by
any member of the group is simply that set out in its
contractual relations with other members of the group;
there is no natural home for risk in any particular
member of a multinational group. Unrelated parties
determine the allocation of risks to a particular transaction
in a myriad of different ways depending upon
their appetite for risk and its effect on their expected
return; there is nothing unusual about related parties
engaging in that same calculus.
The discomfort with the existing article 9 framework
is perhaps most obvious, and most understandable,
when risk has been transferred to an entity in a
low-tax jurisdiction with few employees or assets and
a significant return eventually accrues to that entity.
But it will be difficult to prevent ‘‘inappropriate returns’’
from accruing because of contractual allocations
of risk, even in that paradigm situation, while
still respecting the existing architecture of the international
tax system, which generally respects separate
entities and contractual allocations of risk. Moreover,
unrelated parties that do no more than assume risks
and provide capital can earn significant returns, even
the lion’s share of profits, and thus similar results
should not be ruled out for transactions between related
parties. The Revised Discussion Draft merely
points to the existing guidance in Chapter IX of the
Guidelines, on Business Restructurings, where contractual
allocations of risk are generally respected and
increased risk is compensated by a commensurate increase
in the expected return.50 Perhaps new guidance
could be provided on the pricing of risk, but such an
exercise would be fraught with difficulty in the likely
absence of good comparables, especially given the
widely varying terms parties can agree to as part of
their transactions. Risk is simply a mobile economic
activity that raises fundamental corporate tax issues. It
will be difficult to design new pricing or anti-abuse
rules that work well to address perceived abuses.
Finally, Action 9 will attempt to prevent BEPS by
allocating excessive capital to group members. The
OECD notes that this work will be coordinated with
the work on interest expense deductions in Action 4;
it is not obvious how the two Action Items will differ
with respect to this issue (perhaps the answer is that
Action 4 is about excessive leverage, while Action 9
may be about excessive funding, whether by debt or
equity).
Action 10 will attempt to create rules to prevent
BEPS by engaging in transactions that would not, or
would only rarely, occur between unrelated parties. It
will do this by designing transfer pricing rules or
‘‘special measures’’ (which presumably may be inconsistent
with the arm’s-length standard) to (1) clarify
the circumstances in which recharacterization of
transactions is appropriate; (2) clarify application of
transfer pricing methods, particularly profit splits, in
the context of global value chains; and (3) protect
against common types of base eroding payments, including
management fees and head office expenses.
It will be difficult for the OECD to meaningfully
address transactions that are unlikely to occur between
unrelated parties. Attempting to introduce
purely hypothetical unrelated party models to analyze
actual related-party transactions represents a fundamental
misunderstanding of the arm’s-length principle,
which does not force related parties to engage
in similar transactions to those unrelated parties
would engage in. The arm’s-length principle accepts
that related parties, because of their common control,
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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ing transfer pricing adjustments based on actual profitexperience is the ultimate weapon, although perhapsits lack of actual application in practice by the IRS inthe U.S. suggests it is too powerful a tool to havemuch practical application.Finally, Action 8 also promises to update the existingguidance on cost contribution arrangements(CCAs) in Chapter VIII of the Guidelines. It is likelythat that work will not involve development of significantnew guidance, but rather will consist of simplyimporting any new guidance from the final update ofthe intangibles chapter into the CCA chapter of theGuidelines.Action 9 commits the OECD to preventing BEPSby multinationals transferring risks among, or allocatingexcessive capital to, group members. The OECDwill also develop new transfer pricing rules or ‘‘specialmeasures’’ to ensure that ‘‘inappropriate’’ returnscannot be achieved solely by contractually assumingrisks or providing capital. The theme of aligning returnswith ‘‘value creation’’ continues, although thatterm is left undefined, and the work will be coordinatedwith the proposed work on interest expense deductionsand other financial payments.The proposal to limit returns that can be achievedby contractually assuming risks continues to reflectthe OECD’s discomfort with the Article 9 model ofrewarding the assumption and bearing of risk; risk beinga mobile generator of value that can be transferredamong related parties by contract. But preventingBEPS resulting from transferring risks among groupmembers will be a difficult task. Any principled attemptto restrict the impact of risk allocation on transferpricing results cannot include a general rule oreven presumption that risk transfers among groupmembers should not be given effect for income allocationpurposes. Outside of a business restructuringscase, risk is not so much allocated or transferred as itis delineated — the quantum of risk being assumed byany member of the group is simply that set out in itscontractual relations with other members of the group;there is no natural home for risk in any particularmember of a multinational group. Unrelated partiesdetermine the allocation of risks to a particular transactionin a myriad of different ways depending upontheir appetite for risk and its effect on their expectedreturn; there is nothing unusual about related partiesengaging in that same calculus.The discomfort with the existing article 9 frameworkis perhaps most obvious, and most understandable,when risk has been transferred to an entity in alow-tax jurisdiction with few employees or assets anda significant return eventually accrues to that entity.But it will be difficult to prevent ‘‘inappropriate returns’’from accruing because of contractual allocationsof risk, even in that paradigm situation, whilestill respecting the existing architecture of the internationaltax system, which generally respects separateentities and contractual allocations of risk. Moreover,unrelated parties that do no more than assume risksand provide capital can earn significant returns, eventhe lion’s share of profits, and thus similar resultsshould not be ruled out for transactions between relatedparties. The Revised Discussion Draft merelypoints to the existing guidance in Chapter IX of theGuidelines, on Business Restructurings, where contractualallocations of risk are generally respected andincreased risk is compensated by a commensurate increasein the expected return.50 Perhaps new guidancecould be provided on the pricing of risk, but such anexercise would be fraught with difficulty in the likelyabsence of good comparables, especially given thewidely varying terms parties can agree to as part oftheir transactions. Risk is simply a mobile economicactivity that raises fundamental corporate tax issues. Itwill be difficult to design new pricing or anti-abuserules that work well to address perceived abuses.Finally, Action 9 will attempt to prevent BEPS byallocating excessive capital to group members. TheOECD notes that this work will be coordinated withthe work on interest expense deductions in Action 4;it is not obvious how the two Action Items will differwith respect to this issue (perhaps the answer is thatAction 4 is about excessive leverage, while Action 9may be about excessive funding, whether by debt orequity).Action 10 will attempt to create rules to preventBEPS by engaging in transactions that would not, orwould only rarely, occur between unrelated parties. Itwill do this by designing transfer pricing rules or‘‘special measures’’ (which presumably may be inconsistentwith the arm’s-length standard) to (1) clarifythe circumstances in which recharacterization oftransactions is appropriate; (2) clarify application oftransfer pricing methods, particularly profit splits, inthe context of global value chains; and (3) protectagainst common types of base eroding payments, includingmanagement fees and head office expenses.It will be difficult for the OECD to meaningfullyaddress transactions that are unlikely to occur betweenunrelated parties. Attempting to introducepurely hypothetical unrelated party models to analyzeactual related-party transactions represents a fundamentalmisunderstanding of the arm’s-length principle,which does not force related parties to engagein similar transactions to those unrelated partieswould engage in. The arm’s-length principle acceptsthat related parties, because of their common control,
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
ing penyesuaian harga transfer berdasarkan keuntungan yang sebenarnya
pengalaman adalah senjata pamungkas, meskipun mungkin
kurangnya aplikasi yang sebenarnya dalam praktek oleh IRS di
AS menunjukkan itu terlalu kuat alat untuk memiliki
banyak aplikasi praktis.
Akhirnya, Action 8 juga berjanji untuk memperbarui yang ada
panduan tentang pengaturan kontribusi biaya
(CCAs) dalam Bab VIII dari Pedoman. Sangat mungkin
bahwa pekerjaan yang tidak akan melibatkan pengembangan signifikan
bimbingan baru, melainkan akan terdiri dari hanya
mengimpor bimbingan baru dari update terakhir dari
yang berwujud bab ke dalam CCA bab dari
Pedoman.
Aksi 9 berkomitmen OECD untuk mencegah BEPS
oleh multinasional mentransfer risiko antara, atau mengalokasikan
modal yang berlebihan untuk, anggota kelompok. OECD
juga akan mengembangkan aturan transfer pricing baru atau '' khusus
langkah-langkah '' untuk memastikan bahwa '' pantas '' kembali
tidak dapat dicapai hanya dengan kontrak dengan asumsi
risiko atau menyediakan modal. Tema menyelaraskan kembali
dengan '' penciptaan nilai '' terus, meskipun yang
jangka dibiarkan terdefinisi, dan pekerjaan akan dikoordinasikan
dengan pekerjaan yang diusulkan pada pemotongan biaya bunga
dan pembayaran keuangan lainnya.
Usulan untuk membatasi pengembalian yang dapat dicapai
oleh kontrak dengan asumsi risiko terus untuk mencerminkan
ketidaknyamanan OECD dengan Pasal 9 model
penghargaan asumsi dan bantalan risiko; risiko menjadi
generator mobile nilai yang dapat ditransfer
antara pihak terkait dengan kontrak. Tapi mencegah
BEPS dihasilkan dari mentransfer risiko antara kelompok
anggota akan menjadi tugas yang sulit. Setiap usaha berprinsip
untuk membatasi dampak dari alokasi risiko transfer
hasil harga tidak dapat mencakup aturan umum atau
bahkan anggapan bahwa transfer risiko antara kelompok
anggota tidak harus diberikan efek alokasi pendapatan
tujuan. Di luar dari restrukturisasi bisnis
kasus, risiko ini tidak begitu banyak dialokasikan atau ditransfer seperti
yang digambarkan - kuantum risiko yang ditanggung oleh
setiap anggota kelompok hanya yang ditetapkan dalam Surat
hubungan kontrak dengan anggota lain dari kelompok;
ada tidak ada rumah alami untuk risiko dalam setiap tertentu
anggota dari kelompok multinasional. Pihak terkait
menentukan alokasi risiko untuk transaksi tertentu
dalam berbagai cara yang berbeda tergantung pada
selera mereka untuk risiko dan efeknya pada yang diharapkan mereka
kembali; tidak ada yang tidak biasa tentang pihak terkait
terlibat dalam kalkulus yang sama.
Ketidaknyamanan dengan yang ada pasal 9 kerangka
mungkin paling jelas, dan paling dimengerti,
ketika risiko telah dialihkan ke entitas dalam
yurisdiksi pajak rendah dengan beberapa karyawan atau aset dan
hasil yang signifikan akhirnya timbul untuk entitas yang.
Tapi itu akan sulit untuk mencegah '' kembali tidak pantas ''
dari yang diperoleh karena alokasi kontrak
risiko, bahkan dalam situasi paradigma, sementara
masih menghormati arsitektur yang ada dari internasional
sistem pajak, yang biasanya menghargai terpisah
entitas dan alokasi kontrak risiko. Selain itu,
pihak terkait yang melakukan tidak lebih dari mengambil risiko
dan memberikan modal dapat memperoleh hasil yang signifikan, bahkan
bagian terbesar dari keuntungan, dan dengan demikian hasil yang sama
tidak boleh dikesampingkan untuk transaksi antara terkait
pihak. Draft Diskusi Revisi hanya
menunjuk ke panduan yang ada dalam Bab IX dari
Pedoman, pada Restrukturisasi Bisnis, di mana kontrak
alokasi risiko umumnya dihormati dan
peningkatan risiko dikompensasi oleh peningkatan yang sepadan
di return.50 diharapkan Mungkin bimbingan baru
bisa diberikan pada harga risiko, tetapi seperti
latihan akan penuh dengan kesulitan dalam kemungkinan
adanya comparables baik, terutama mengingat
hal sangat beragam pihak dapat menyetujui sebagai bagian dari
transaksi mereka. Risiko hanyalah sebuah ekonomi seluler
kegiatan yang menimbulkan masalah pajak perusahaan yang mendasar. Ini
akan sulit untuk merancang harga atau anti-kekerasan baru
aturan yang bekerja dengan baik ke alamat yang dirasakan pelanggaran.
Akhirnya, Aksi 9 akan mencoba untuk mencegah BEPS oleh
mengalokasikan modal yang berlebihan kepada anggota kelompok. The
OECD mencatat bahwa pekerjaan ini akan dikoordinasikan dengan
pekerjaan pada pemotongan biaya bunga dalam Aksi 4;
tidak jelas bagaimana kedua item Action akan berbeda
sehubungan dengan masalah ini (mungkin jawabannya adalah bahwa
Aksi 4 adalah tentang leverage yang berlebihan, sementara Aksi 9
mungkin tentang pendanaan berlebihan, apakah dengan hutang atau
ekuitas).
Aksi 10 akan mencoba untuk membuat aturan untuk mencegah
BEPS dengan terlibat dalam transaksi yang tidak akan, atau
akan jarang, terjadi antara pihak terkait. Ini
akan melakukan hal ini dengan merancang aturan transfer pricing atau
'' langkah-langkah khusus '' (yang mungkin mungkin tidak konsisten
dengan standar ketentuan pasar yang wajar-panjang) ke (1) memperjelas
keadaan dimana recharacterization dari
transaksi sesuai; (2) menjelaskan penerapan
metode transfer pricing, khususnya perpecahan keuntungan, di
konteks rantai nilai global; dan (3) melindungi
terhadap jenis umum dari pembayaran dasar mengikis, termasuk
biaya manajemen dan biaya kantor pusat.
Ini akan sulit untuk OECD untuk bermakna
mengatasi transaksi yang mungkin terjadi antara
pihak terkait. Mencoba untuk memperkenalkan
murni hipotetis model pihak terkait untuk menganalisis
transaksi pihak terkait yang sebenarnya merupakan dasar
kesalahpahaman dari prinsip ketentuan pasar yang wajar-panjang,
yang tidak memaksa pihak terkait untuk terlibat
dalam transaksi yang sama dengan pihak-pihak terkait
akan terlibat dalam. Prinsip ketentuan pasar yang wajar-panjang menerima
bahwa pihak terkait, karena sepengendali mereka,
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