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Group value
The added value assigned to a monument on the basis of the extent to which there is an archaeological context and a landscape context.
Parameters
• Synchronic context (presence of monuments from the same period within the micro-region)
• Diachronic context (presence of monuments from consecutive periods within the micro-region)
• Landscape context (physical and historical-geographic integrity of the contemporary landscape)
• Presence of contemporary organic sediments in the immediate surroundings
Operationalisation
Archaeological context relates to the presence and the research potential of other sources of archaeological information present in the vicinity. The emphasis is on the following:
• whether more monuments from the same archaeological period are located in the vicinity which would make inter-site analysis possible;
• whether there are monuments from a number of periods which would make it possible to study development aspects.
In an urban area, there is almost always a strong archaeological context present within the historical centres. The extent to which this is the case in previously outlying areas, that are now incorporated into the urban centre, may vary.
Landscape context is the extent to which the original landscape is still present and/or discernible. In this context, the presence of organic sediments in a monument’s vicinity is important. These elements make a substantial contribution to the possibilities for surveying former landscapes and land use.
In the urban area, the landscape context, leaving aside exceptions, is either not applicable or has largely been lost and is therefore of very low value. If this concept is interpreted as urban landscape, the valuable areas are included in the historical town centres.
The group value is determined on the basis of the ‘immediate surroundings’. The (archaeo-)region as a whole is not relevant but rather the archaeological landscape structure. A point for attention in this context is the archaeological result of the interaction between the countryside and town (historical town centres). The division of tasks within the archaeological heritage management system means that the archaeological monuments in the urban area are generally valued by the local authority while the surrounding countryside is usually valued by the provincial or national government. One has to be alert to the fact that this may result in the above-mentioned interaction being undervalued.
The group value is determined on the basis of both contexts. In principle, the basis used consists of the results of the archaeological field evaluation (a desk-based assessment may occasionally provide sufficient information). This information is examined in combination with supplementary data on the environment or the expectation thereon, based on the Indicative Map of Archaeological Values (IKAW) and/or other predictive maps. This comparison provides the basis for an assessment of the landscape context and may provide additional points for consideration when assessing the archaeological context. If the two contexts are no longer sufficiently present, the group value is valued as being ‘low’, if one or both are not, or no longer, present or has been substantially harmed, the assessment will be ‘medium’ and if both are still available to a large extent, the valuation will be ‘high’.
Representativeness
The degree to which a certain type of monument is typical of a period or an area.
Parameters
• Characteristic for a certain area and/or period.
• The number of comparable monuments of reasonable physical quality from the same period within the same archaeo-region whose presence has been established and whose preservation is guaranteed.
• Idem, on the basis of a recent and specific predictive map.
Operationalisation
As regards the intrinsic value assessment, the criterion of representativeness is also important although this is only relevant if, during the execution of the valuation, it is suspected that the monument can be sustainably preserved.
The value of the assessment of the representativeness increases as more information becomes available on comparable monuments from the same period and the same area. If there are a lot and quite a lot is known about them, means that such monuments will not usually be considered for selection on the first three intrinsic criteria (rarity, research potential and group value).
In order to make a balanced random selection a valuation must, in principle, take place on the basis of representativeness - using an inventory per archaeo-region/area/town.
Valuation in urban areas
In an urban area there will be circumstances that complicate assessments according to the procedure to be implemented.
• There will usually be no opportunity to proceed in accordance with the steps described in the previous paragraphs. Often there will not be any space for an archaeological field evaluation and the IKAW or other predictive maps will usually not be available for urban areas.
• The economic pressure on the land in an urban area is often high.
• The value of archaeological plots in urban areas is often linked to the historical development of the town. In most instances, monuments (houses, churches, walls, etc.) and structures (squares, canals, streets, etc.) will have been preserved and will be visible from this period which, from the archaeological point of view, is relatively recent. The valuation of the archaeological plots cannot therefore be regarded separately from these simultaneous or successive phenomena, in casu the entire (historical) urban context.
This last point clearly demonstrates that, in an urban area, a distinction has to be made between the historical town centres on the one hand and the rural area that was developed after about 1850 on the other. Despite the additional complications, the valuation of the sites in this last area will be implemented in accordance with the criteria as discussed in the previous paragraphs.
Wherever the focus is on historical town centres, it can be assumed that these areas harbour a coherent conglomerate of archaeological values. In that respect, the historical town centres are, in principle, worth preserving. The AMK can serve as a basis for the location of the historically important town centres.
At a micro level, valuations can also be made within historical town centres as well. Some of the applicable criteria - particularly the physical criteria - will not, in principle, differ from the generally applicable criteria. In the case of the intrinsic criteria, however, extra nuances may apply in towns. It goes without saying that this is only possible if one has a proper insight into the archaeological evidence - including disruptions - at micro level as well as information on the historical development, the location of exceptional buildings, etc. In this way, a map of archaeological monuments worth preserving in a historical city centre can be drawn up.
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