Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneou

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. The two most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes (T1D, previously known as insulindependent diabetes or IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (T2D, previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or NIDDM). Both are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. However, there are other rare forms of diabetes that are directly inherited. These include maturity onset diabetes in the young (MODY), and diabetes due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. All forms of diabetes have very serious effects on health. In addition to the consequences of abnormal metabolism of glucose (e.g., hyperlipidemia, glycosylation of proteins, etc.), there are a number of long-term complications associated with the disease. These include cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, ocular, neurologic and renal abnormalities, which are responsible for morbidity, disability and premature death in young adults. Furthermore, the disease is associated with reproductive complications causing problems for both mothers and their children. Although improved glycemic control may decrease the risk of developing these complications, diabetes remains a very significant cause of social, psychological and financial burdens in populations worldwide. Type 1 Diabetes Epidemiology . T1D is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, and represents approximately 10% of all cases with diabetes. At present, lifelong insulin therapy is the only treatment for the disease. Without exogenous insulin injections, individuals with T1D will not survive. Although the prevalence of T1D is

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. The two most common forms of diabetes are type 1 diabetes (T1D, previously known as insulindependent diabetes or IDDM) and type 2 diabetes (T2D, previously known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes or NIDDM). Both are caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. However, there are other rare forms of diabetes that are directly inherited. These include maturity onset diabetes in the young (MODY), and diabetes due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA. All forms of diabetes have very serious effects on health. In addition to the consequences of abnormal metabolism of glucose (e.g., hyperlipidemia, glycosylation of proteins, etc.), there are a number of long-term complications associated with the disease. These include cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, ocular, neurologic and renal abnormalities, which are responsible for morbidity, disability and premature death in young adults. Furthermore, the disease is associated with reproductive complications causing problems for both mothers and their children. Although improved glycemic control may decrease the risk of developing these complications, diabetes remains a very significant cause of social, psychological and financial burdens in populations worldwide. Type 1 Diabetes Epidemiology . T1D is caused by the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, and represents approximately 10% of all cases with diabetes. At present, lifelong insulin therapy is the only treatment for the disease. Without exogenous insulin injections, individuals with T1D will not survive. Although the prevalence of T1D is <1% in most populations, the geographic variation in incidence is enormous, ranging from <1/100,000 per year in China to approximately 40/100,000 per year in Finland (Figure 1) (Karvonen et al., 1993). The only chronic childhood disorder more prevalent than T1D is asthma. It has been estimated that approximately 20 million people worldwide, mostly children and young adults, have T1D (Holt, 2004). Figure 1. T1D Incidence Rates Worldwide

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Diabetes mellitus adalah sekelompok heterogen gangguan yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia persisten. Dua bentuk yang paling umum dari diabetes adalah diabetes tipe 1 (T1D, sebelumnya dikenal sebagai diabetes insulindependent atau IDDM) dan diabetes tipe 2 (T2D, sebelumnya dikenal sebagai diabetes non-insulin-dependent atau NIDDM). Keduanya disebabkan oleh kombinasi faktor risiko genetik dan lingkungan. Namun, ada bentuk-bentuk langka lainnya diabetes yang langsung diturunkan. Ini termasuk jatuh tempo diabetes di muda (Mody), dan diabetes akibat mutasi pada DNA mitokondria. Semua bentuk diabetes memiliki efek yang sangat serius pada kesehatan. Selain konsekuensi dari metabolisme normal glukosa (misalnya, hiperlipidemia, glikosilasi protein, dll), ada sejumlah komplikasi jangka panjang yang berhubungan dengan penyakit. Ini termasuk kardiovaskular, pembuluh darah perifer, mata, saraf dan kelainan ginjal, yang bertanggung jawab untuk morbiditas, kecacatan dan kematian dini pada orang dewasa muda. Selain itu, penyakit ini berhubungan dengan komplikasi reproduksi menyebabkan masalah bagi ibu dan anak-anak mereka. Meskipun peningkatan kontrol glikemik dapat menurunkan risiko pengembangan komplikasi ini, diabetes tetap menjadi penyebab yang sangat signifikan beban sosial, psikologis dan keuangan pada populasi di seluruh dunia. Tipe 1 Diabetes Epidemiology. T1D disebabkan oleh kerusakan autoimun sel beta pankreas, dan mewakili sekitar 10% dari semua kasus diabetes. Saat ini, terapi insulin seumur hidup adalah satu-satunya pengobatan untuk penyakit ini. Tanpa suntikan insulin eksogen, individu dengan T1D tidak akan bertahan. Meskipun prevalensi T1D adalah <1% di sebagian besar populasi, variasi geografis dalam insiden sangat besar, mulai dari <1 / 100.000 per tahun di China untuk sekitar 40 / 100.000 per tahun di Finlandia (Gambar 1) (Karvonen et al., 1993). Satu-satunya gangguan masa kanak-kanak kronis lebih menonjol daripada T1D adalah asma. Diperkirakan bahwa sekitar 20 juta orang di seluruh dunia, sebagian besar anak-anak dan dewasa muda, memiliki T1D (Holt, 2004). Gambar 1. T1D Insiden Tarif Seluruh Dunia