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AbstrakMakalah ini membahas dan menilai efisiensi struktur, perilaku dan kinerja pasar kacang tanah diMalawi Utara dan tengah. Petani dan pedagang yang terlibat dalam kacang tanah diwawancarai. Menggunakandata time series harga, pasar kacang tanah spasial berbeda juga diperiksa. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa kebanyakanpetani mengadopsi Chalimbana dan CG7 kacang tanah varietas, over mendaur ulang biji kacang tanah, dan tidakmenggunakan rate direkomendasikan benih. Lima berbeda kacang tanah saluran pemasaran diidentifikasi. Namun, adanilai minimum tambahan di semua saluran. Pasar lemah terintegrasi dan tersegmentasi dengan beberapa penjual. Thestudi ini menyoroti kebutuhan untuk sistem biji kacang tanah teratur untuk memastikan pasokan benih bermutu tinggi untuk petani;memperkuat pasar berorientasi layanan perpanjangan; perbaikan jalan ke daerah-daerah produksi; peningkatan dan terjangkauteknologi produksi dan nilai tambah; organisasi-organisasi petani yang semarak dan pasar yang membaik informasigenerasi dan penyebaran kepada para petani dan pedagang.Kata kunci: Kacang tanah pasar, struktur, perilaku, kinerja, efisiensi, Margin, Malawi1.0 pengenalan1.1 Ikhtisar dari sektor pertanian di MalawiPertanian akan terus menjadi pendorong utama dari ekonomi Malawi's meskipun beberapa pertumbuhan dalam industri dansektor manufaktur. Itu menyumbang 39% dari negara domestik produk bruto (PDB), mempekerjakan 85% darinegara tenaga kerja di produksi makanan dan uang tunai, agro-industri dan input dan output pasar dan menyumbanglebih dari 90% dari pendapatan devisa negara (pemerintah Malawi [GoM], 2009). Hal ini jugasumber utama tabungan dan investible dana di Malawi — sekitar 61% rumah tangga di negara ini tergantung pada tanamanpenjualan untuk pendapatan mereka. Sektor ini terdiri dari petani dan estate subsectors. Subsektor perkebunan adalah terutama untukproduksi tanaman bernilai tinggi seperti tembakau, teh, gula, kopi dan macadamia (Kachule, 2011). Thepetani subsektor menyumbang lebih dari 70% dari PDB pertanian (GoM, 2009). Salah satu tanaman yang tumbuhdi bawah petani subsektor adalah kacang tanah. Kacang tanah menyediakan sekitar 25% dari pendapatan pertanian tangga(Minde et al., 2008). © Pusat untuk mempromosikan ide, Amerika Serikat, www.ijbssnet.com1311.2 kacang tanah produksi dan pemasaranKacang tanah yang dihasilkan oleh petani di semua Kabupaten Malawi sebagai sumber makanan dan pendapatan, pakan ternak, untukekspor dan juga untuk meningkatkan kesuburan tanah. Sekitar 70% dari produksi kacang tanah total dikonsumsi secara lokal.Selama 10 tahun, produksi keseluruhan belum secara signifikan meningkat di Malawi. Tahunan tanpa kulitproduksi kacang tanah tumbuh dari 131, 543T di 1999 untuk 282, 054T pada tahun 2009 (FAO STAT, 2011). Produksi inimenyumbang 2% dari produksi total kacang tanah di Afrika. 2009, Malawi peringkat sebagai produsen terbesar 19groundnuts in the world (FAO STAT, 2011).In terms of marketing, the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), a statutorycorporation, was the sole buyer and supplier of produce and inputs respectively. However, since mid 1980sgovernment liberalized market to allow private sector play an active role in the marketing of inputs and produce inMalawi. Simtowe et al., 2009 noted that Malawi ranked 9th exporter of groundnuts in sub-Saharan Africa. Theexport volume over the past ten years has been small and with lots of fluctuations. By 2009, Malawi’s groundnutsexports had increased to 19,879T (FAO STAT, 2011).The government still feels there is low groundnut production and marketing despite market liberalizationopportunity to smallholder farmers and traders (GoM, 2008). This contributes to poor human nutrition status,slow growth of livestock and crop cereals sectors, low income and low foreign exchange earnings fromgroundnuts. The low and fluctuating groundnuts production and marketing in Malawi is an indication of marketfailure to stimulate production and marketing.1.3 Objectives of the StudyIn order to address problems associated with market failure so as to increase groundnuts production andmarketing, knowledge of the structure, conduct and performance of groundnuts markets is required. The type ofmarket structure that prevails in a market determines efficiency of marketing system (conduct and performance ofmarkets). The knowledge of structure, conduct and performance of groundnuts markets facilitates furtherinnovations and productivity growth in the groundnuts subsector. Unfortunately, no studies have been conductedin Malawi to analyze or investigate the structure, conduct and performance of groundnuts markets. This studytherefore aims at analysing the structure, conduct and performance of groundnuts markets in Northern and CentralMalawi. Specifically, the paper aims to (i) analyse existing marketing systems of groundnuts (ii) conductgroundnuts profitability analysis (iii) identify factors affecting groundnuts production and (iv) identifysmallholder farmer’s constraints to groundnuts production and marketing.2.0 Materials and Methods2.1 Market Structure, Conduct and PerformanceMarket structure refers to a set of market characteristics that determine the economic environment in which a firmoperates (Thomas and Maurice, 2011). It is characterized on the basis of four industry characteristics: (i) numberand size distribution of active buyers and sellers and potential entrants; (ii) degree of product differentiation; (iii)amount and cost of information about product price and quality and (iv) condition of entry and exit (Hirschey etal., 1993).Market conduct refers to the patterns of behaviours that firms follow in adapting or adjusting to the markets inwhich they sell or buy. The dimensions of conduct include methods employed by firms in determining the price ofan output and sales promotion policy, the presence or absence of coercive tactics directed against eitherestablished rivals or potential entrants (Bain, 1968).Market performance refers to the economic results that flow from the industry and how well it performs in termsof efficiency and progressiveness or innovation, given its technical environment (Bain, 1968). It is the impact ofstructure and conduct as measured in terms of the variables such as prices, costs and volume of output (Bresserand King, 1970).2.2 Analytical Framework/ProcedureThe structure, conduct and performance of markets have been analysed by researchers using various differentapproaches. Nambiro et al., (2001) analysed the structure and conduct of the market in Trans Nzoia district(Western Kenya) in order to understand the organisation of the market and assess the degree of competition inhybrid maize seed production and retailing using Gini coefficients. International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5 No. 6; May 2014132Enibe et al., (2008) described the structure, conduct and performance of banana market in Anambra State ofNigeria using descriptive statistics, Gini coefficients, price spread, behaviour of middlemen, conduct of marketingfunctions and gross marketing margins.Giroh et al., 2010 also examined the structure, conduct and performance of farm gate marketing of natural rubberin Edo and Delta States of Nigeria using Gini coefficient, Budgetary technique, Market margins, Marketing Costsand Rate of Return to investment. Odhiambo et al., (2006) analysed the structure and performance of beansmarketing system in Nairobi using descriptive statistics, concentration ratios and co-integration models. Bain(1968) observed that by analyzing the level of the marketing margins and their cost components, it is possible toevaluate the impact of structure and conduct characteristics on market performance.In this study, a number of analytical approaches were used. They include: Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI),Marketing Margins, Marketing Efficiency Index (MEI), Price Spread, Cobb Douglas Production Function, andSpatial Market Integration (using bivariate correlation coefficients of price difference). Market structure wasdetermined by assessing market concentrations and entry conditions of the markets using HHI as follows:ଶܵܯ = ܫܪܪୀଵ− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)Where: MSi is the Market Share of selleri; and n is the number of sellers in the market. The market shares werecalculated based on quantities of groundnuts handled by each seller as follows:= ܵܯ∑ సభ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2)Vi is the quantity of groundnuts handled by seller i (in kg); and ∑ ܸ݅ is the total quantity of groundnuts handled bysellers in the market (in kg)
Marketing margins were calculated by determining price variations at different segments and compare them with
the final price paid by the consumer. The formula for total marketing margin was as follows:
ቀ = ݊݅݃ݎܽܯ ݃݊݅ݐ݁݇ݎܽܯ ݏݏݎܩ ݈ܽݐܶ
ோ௧ ିி ீ௧
ோ௧ ቁ ∗ 100 − − − − − − − −(3)
The price spread was applied to measure the degree of pricing efficiency. For farmers, it was calculated by
deducting costs of marketing from gross price. For traders in all the channels, the price-spread focused on the
trader’s surplus as a percentage of total marketing costs.
Marketing efficiencies of all channels were determined by MIE. According to Acharya and Agarwal (2001), MIE
is the ratio of net price received by the farmer to the total marketing cost plus total margin as follows:
= ܫܧܯ
ே
ெெାெ
− − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(4)
Where MEI is the Marketing Efficiency Index; NP is the Net Price received by the farmers (MK/Kg); MM is the
Total Net Marketing Margin (Total Traders Surplus) for Traders in the channel; and MC is the Total Marketing
Cost incurred by Trad
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