Since verb phrases denote sets,and quantifiers denote sets of sets, a  terjemahan - Since verb phrases denote sets,and quantifiers denote sets of sets, a  Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Since verb phrases denote sets,and

Since verb phrases denote sets,and quantifiers denote sets of sets, a subject-predicate sentence
of this sort is true iff the verb phrase extension is in the extension
of the subject. When one switches the subject from ‘every man’ to
‘John’, this requires ‘John’ to denote the set of all sets containing
its bearer. Analogous points apply to the rules interpreting transitive
verbs and prepositions. Since both take names and quantifier
phrases as objects, uniform interpretations of the resulting
phrases require a uniform analysis of names and quantifiers.
The point is illustrated by (12a) and (12b), both of which are
ambiguous, with one reading requiring the quantifier phrase to
combine with a transitive verb, or preposition, to form a phrase,
preceding the construction of the formula, and another reading
in which the formula is initially constructed using a pronoun/
variable, for which the quantifier phrase is then substituted, in the
manner of previous examples.
12a. John seeks a unicorn.
b. John talks about a unicorn.
In derivation 1 of (12a), the transitive verb ‘seeks’ combines with
the term ‘a unicorn’ to form the verb phrase ‘seeks a unicorn’,
which then combines with the subject ‘John’ to form the sentence.
‘Seeks’ is intensional—which is to say that its extension maps the
intension of its object-argument, ‘a unicorn’, onto the extension of
the resulting verb phrase. The intension of ‘a unicorn’ is a function
from possible world-states w to the set of all sets containing
at least one unicorn at w, and the extension of the verb phrase is
the set of individuals who bear the seeking relation to this intension.
Since it is possible for an individual to bear that relation to
this intension (to try, in effect, to find an instantiator of unicornhood),
without there actually being any unicorns, (12a) can be
true, even though there are no unicorns. Analogous remarks apply
to a parallel derivation of (12b). By contrast, (12a) has another
derivation in which it arises from the formula ‘John seeks him1’ by
substituting ‘a unicorn’ for the pronoun/variable, by the same rule
used in earlier examples. Since the extension of the formula is the
set of individuals sought by John, (12a) is true, on this syntactic
analysis, iff that set is a member of the set of sets containing at
least one unicorn—iff at least one x is both a unicorn and sought
by John. On this analysis, the truth of (12a), like that of a corresponding
analysis of (12b), requires the existence of unicorns.12
These examples support admitting quantifier phrases into the
same category as names, so that they can combine with intensional
transitive verbs like ‘seek’ and intensional prepositions
like ‘about’. Examples (10) and (11) support admitting names into
the same category as quantifier phrases, to achieve a unified account
of variable binding.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Since verb phrases denote sets,and quantifiers denote sets of sets, a subject-predicate sentence
of this sort is true iff the verb phrase extension is in the extension
of the subject. When one switches the subject from ‘every man’ to
‘John’, this requires ‘John’ to denote the set of all sets containing
its bearer. Analogous points apply to the rules interpreting transitive
verbs and prepositions. Since both take names and quantifier
phrases as objects, uniform interpretations of the resulting
phrases require a uniform analysis of names and quantifiers.
The point is illustrated by (12a) and (12b), both of which are
ambiguous, with one reading requiring the quantifier phrase to
combine with a transitive verb, or preposition, to form a phrase,
preceding the construction of the formula, and another reading
in which the formula is initially constructed using a pronoun/
variable, for which the quantifier phrase is then substituted, in the
manner of previous examples.
12a. John seeks a unicorn.
b. John talks about a unicorn.
In derivation 1 of (12a), the transitive verb ‘seeks’ combines with
the term ‘a unicorn’ to form the verb phrase ‘seeks a unicorn’,
which then combines with the subject ‘John’ to form the sentence.
‘Seeks’ is intensional—which is to say that its extension maps the
intension of its object-argument, ‘a unicorn’, onto the extension of
the resulting verb phrase. The intension of ‘a unicorn’ is a function
from possible world-states w to the set of all sets containing
at least one unicorn at w, and the extension of the verb phrase is
the set of individuals who bear the seeking relation to this intension.
Since it is possible for an individual to bear that relation to
this intension (to try, in effect, to find an instantiator of unicornhood),
without there actually being any unicorns, (12a) can be
true, even though there are no unicorns. Analogous remarks apply
to a parallel derivation of (12b). By contrast, (12a) has another
derivation in which it arises from the formula ‘John seeks him1’ by
substituting ‘a unicorn’ for the pronoun/variable, by the same rule
used in earlier examples. Since the extension of the formula is the
set of individuals sought by John, (12a) is true, on this syntactic
analysis, iff that set is a member of the set of sets containing at
least one unicorn—iff at least one x is both a unicorn and sought
by John. On this analysis, the truth of (12a), like that of a corresponding
analysis of (12b), requires the existence of unicorns.12
These examples support admitting quantifier phrases into the
same category as names, so that they can combine with intensional
transitive verbs like ‘seek’ and intensional prepositions
like ‘about’. Examples (10) and (11) support admitting names into
the same category as quantifier phrases, to achieve a unified account
of variable binding.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Karena frase kata kerja menunjukkan set, dan bilangan menunjukkan set set, kalimat subjek-predikat
semacam ini benar jika dan hanya jika perpanjangan frase kata kerja dalam perpanjangan
subjek. Ketika salah satu switch subjek dari 'setiap orang' ke
'John', ini memerlukan 'John' untuk menunjukkan himpunan semua set yang mengandung
pembawa nya. Poin sama diterapkan juga untuk aturan menafsirkan transitif
kata kerja dan preposisi. Karena kedua mengambil nama dan quantifier
frase sebagai objek, interpretasi seragam yang dihasilkan
frase memerlukan analisis seragam nama dan bilangan.
Intinya diilustrasikan oleh (12a) dan (12b), yang keduanya
ambigu, dengan satu bacaan yang membutuhkan quantifier yang frase untuk
menggabungkan dengan kata kerja transitif, atau preposisi, untuk membentuk frase,
sebelum pembangunan formula, dan membaca lagi
di mana formula awalnya dibangun menggunakan kata ganti /
variabel, yang frase quantifier kemudian diganti, di
cara contoh sebelumnya.
12a. John berusaha unicorn.
b. John berbicara tentang unicorn.
Dalam derivasi 1 dari (12a), kata kerja transitif 'berusaha' menggabungkan dengan
istilah 'unicorn' untuk membentuk kata kerja frase 'berusaha unicorn',
yang kemudian menggabungkan dengan subjek 'John' untuk membentuk kalimat.
'Mencari' adalah intensional-yang mengatakan bahwa ekstensi memetakan
kehebatan nya objek-argumen, 'unicorn', ke perpanjangan
frase kata kerja yang dihasilkan. Kehebatan dari 'unicorn' adalah fungsi
dari kemungkinan dunia-negara w ke set dari semua kelompok yang mengandung
setidaknya satu unicorn di w, dan perluasan frase verba adalah
himpunan individu yang menanggung hubungan mencari untuk intensi ini .
Karena mungkin bagi seorang individu untuk menanggung bahwa sehubungan dengan
kehebatan ini (untuk mencoba, pada dasarnya, untuk menemukan instantiator dari unicornhood),
tanpa ada benar-benar menjadi salah unicorn, (12a) bisa
benar, meskipun tidak ada unicorn . Pernyataan yang sama bisa diterapkan
pada derivasi paralel (12b). Sebaliknya, (12a) memiliki lain
derivasi di mana ia muncul dari rumus 'John berusaha him1' dengan
mengganti 'unicorn' untuk ganti / variabel, dengan aturan yang sama
yang digunakan dalam contoh sebelumnya. Karena perpanjangan formula adalah
himpunan individu dicari oleh John, (12a) adalah benar, pada sintaksis ini
analisis, IFF set yang merupakan anggota dari himpunan set mengandung
setidaknya satu unicorn-IFF setidaknya satu x adalah baik unicorn dan dicari
oleh John. Pada analisis ini, kebenaran (12a), seperti itu dari yang sesuai
analisis (12b), membutuhkan adanya unicorns.12
Contoh-contoh ini mendukung mengakui frase pembilang ke dalam
kategori yang sama dengan nama, sehingga mereka dapat menggabungkan dengan intensional
transitif verba seperti 'mencari' dan preposisi intensional
seperti 'tentang'. Contoh (10) dan (11) dukungan mengakui nama-nama ke dalam
kategori yang sama dengan frase quantifier, untuk mencapai rekening terpadu
variabel mengikat.
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