Our independent variables are grouped into two categories: country-spe terjemahan - Our independent variables are grouped into two categories: country-spe Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Our independent variables are group

Our independent variables are grouped into two categories: country-specific variables and firm-specific variables. The main country-specific variables are the
creditor rights index,CR,as well as the individual components of this index. The creditor rights index is computed by summing four dummy variables. The first dummy variable,
NO_AUTOSTAY, equals one if there is no automatic stay on assets, and zero otherwise. The second dummy variable,SECURED_FIRST, equals one if secured creditors are given the absolute priority claims during bankruptcy.SECURED_FIRST
equals zero if government or employee claims have higher priority than those of secured
creditors. The third dummy variable,RESTRICT_REORG,equals one if management cannot file for reorganization unilaterally.RESTRICT_REORG equals zero if creditor consent is not required to file for reorganization. The fourth dummy variable,MGMT_NOT_STAY, equals one if either creditors or courts can change the incumbent management during bankruptcy proceedings. If management has the power to remain in charge during bankruptcy proceedings, then we set MGMT_NOT_STAY equal to zero.Our other country-specific measures include shareholder rights, civil law origin dummy, the rule of law,accounting standards, and financial development indictors. The shareholder rights index,AD, measures the strength of control rights granted by law to the minority shareholders. Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003)
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Our independent variables are grouped into two categories: country-specific variables and firm-specific variables. The main country-specific variables are thecreditor rights index,CR,as well as the individual components of this index. The creditor rights index is computed by summing four dummy variables. The first dummy variable,NO_AUTOSTAY, equals one if there is no automatic stay on assets, and zero otherwise. The second dummy variable,SECURED_FIRST, equals one if secured creditors are given the absolute priority claims during bankruptcy.SECURED_FIRSTequals zero if government or employee claims have higher priority than those of securedcreditors. The third dummy variable,RESTRICT_REORG,equals one if management cannot file for reorganization unilaterally.RESTRICT_REORG equals zero if creditor consent is not required to file for reorganization. The fourth dummy variable,MGMT_NOT_STAY, equals one if either creditors or courts can change the incumbent management during bankruptcy proceedings. If management has the power to remain in charge during bankruptcy proceedings, then we set MGMT_NOT_STAY equal to zero.Our other country-specific measures include shareholder rights, civil law origin dummy, the rule of law,accounting standards, and financial development indictors. The shareholder rights index,AD, measures the strength of control rights granted by law to the minority shareholders. Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003)
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Variabel independen kami dikelompokkan menjadi dua kategori: variabel spesifik negara dan variabel spesifik perusahaan. Variabel spesifik negara utama adalah
indeks hak kreditur, CR, serta masing-masing komponen indeks ini. Indeks hak kreditur dihitung dengan menjumlahkan empat variabel dummy. Variabel boneka pertama,
NO_AUTOSTAY, sama dengan satu jika tidak ada otomatis tinggal pada aset, dan nol sebaliknya. Variabel boneka kedua, SECURED_FIRST, sama dengan satu jika kreditur dijamin diberi klaim prioritas mutlak selama bankruptcy.SECURED_FIRST
sama dengan nol jika pemerintah atau karyawan klaim memiliki prioritas lebih tinggi daripada dijamin
kreditur. Variabel boneka ketiga, RESTRICT_REORG, sama dengan satu jika manajemen tidak dapat mengajukan untuk reorganisasi unilaterally.RESTRICT_REORG sama dengan nol jika persetujuan kreditur tidak diperlukan untuk mengajukan reorganisasi. Variabel boneka keempat, MGMT_NOT_STAY, sama dengan satu jika salah satu kreditur atau pengadilan dapat mengubah manajemen menjabat selama proses kebangkrutan. Jika manajemen memiliki kekuatan untuk tetap bertugas selama proses kepailitan, maka kita menetapkan MGMT_NOT_STAY sama dengan zero.Our lain langkah-langkah spesifik negara termasuk hak pemegang saham, hukum sipil asal boneka, aturan hukum, standar akuntansi, dan indictors pengembangan keuangan. Indeks hak pemegang saham, AD, mengukur kekuatan hak kontrol yang diberikan oleh hukum kepada pemegang saham minoritas. Kaufmann, Kraay, dan Mastruzzi (2003)
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