1 The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature 3so-called technical lang terjemahan - 1 The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature 3so-called technical lang Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1 The First Task of the Philosophy

1 The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature 3

so-called technical language of philosophy is the initial condition of precision in inquiry, and the evolution of philosophical doctrines consists to a great extent in the evolution of concepts. A doctrine or a philosophical system cannot arise, if it does not have available the proper concepts. The evolution of con- cepts leads to new questions. Without the right language, the questions remain invisible.
2. Method, or “a systematically applied means.” Without method, there is acci- dental discovery, but there is no authentic research. Method counts no less than results because a good method contains in itself the promise of further results. Sometimes the new method can itself be a result. It is an important result because it usually opens up new areas of research. The result obtained by the Ionian philosophers of nature was the establishment of two research methods: (a) analysis—decomposition (usually only in thought) into simpler components, in order finally to reach the elementary components (the search for arche); (b) induction—transition from individual observations to general conclu- sions (plants and animals need water for life and therefore water is the arche of nature). It is not necessary to emphasize that this is only the first use of induction and is still obscured by hasty generalization.

And what did the first Greek thinkers give to the philosophy of nature in return? First, the awareness that nature demands intellectual explanation. It cannot be taken as undiscussed data, but one must search for reasons explaining the structure
of nature and even of (more generally) nature itself.
Second, the conviction that nature can be explained by reducing it to elementary principles. These principles do not have to be physical parts of a whole, like, for example, water or atoms; they can be metaphysical or logical elements, like for example apeiron or number.
Third, at the foundation of all those achievements lies hidden the tacit assumption that natural reality (and later all of reality in general) can be explained; that there are certain fundamental reasons thanks to which nature (reality) exists. Inquiry into such reasons is the raison d’être of philosophy (the so-called problem of the ratio- nality of nature). That tacit assumption would become fully clear to philosophers only in the Middle Ages, when one of the most discussed topics would be the so- called intelligibilitas entis, or the fundamental intelligibility of being. The modern counterpart of that problem is the evermore discussed question of why nature can be described mathematically? Sometimes that question is called the problem of the mathematicality of nature.
European philosophy of nature began its history from the well-formulated prob- lem of elementarity: what is the arche of the world? That problem created in researchers into nature an instinct for understanding through reduction to elemen- tary principles. That very method of understanding continues to function in modern science. Is there ever any other way to understand something? Even holistic under- standing relies on placement into wholes of once distinct parts. Besides, the category of wholeness can also be treated as an elementary principle. In that broad kind of understanding, the problem of elementarity becomes a case of the problem of the rationality of nature.
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1 The First Task of the Philosophy of Nature 3so-called technical language of philosophy is the initial condition of precision in inquiry, and the evolution of philosophical doctrines consists to a great extent in the evolution of concepts. A doctrine or a philosophical system cannot arise, if it does not have available the proper concepts. The evolution of con- cepts leads to new questions. Without the right language, the questions remain invisible.2. Method, or “a systematically applied means.” Without method, there is acci- dental discovery, but there is no authentic research. Method counts no less than results because a good method contains in itself the promise of further results. Sometimes the new method can itself be a result. It is an important result because it usually opens up new areas of research. The result obtained by the Ionian philosophers of nature was the establishment of two research methods: (a) analysis—decomposition (usually only in thought) into simpler components, in order finally to reach the elementary components (the search for arche); (b) induction—transition from individual observations to general conclu- sions (plants and animals need water for life and therefore water is the arche of nature). It is not necessary to emphasize that this is only the first use of induction and is still obscured by hasty generalization.And what did the first Greek thinkers give to the philosophy of nature in return? First, the awareness that nature demands intellectual explanation. It cannot be taken as undiscussed data, but one must search for reasons explaining the structureof nature and even of (more generally) nature itself.Second, the conviction that nature can be explained by reducing it to elementary principles. These principles do not have to be physical parts of a whole, like, for example, water or atoms; they can be metaphysical or logical elements, like for example apeiron or number.Third, at the foundation of all those achievements lies hidden the tacit assumption that natural reality (and later all of reality in general) can be explained; that there are certain fundamental reasons thanks to which nature (reality) exists. Inquiry into such reasons is the raison d’être of philosophy (the so-called problem of the ratio- nality of nature). That tacit assumption would become fully clear to philosophers only in the Middle Ages, when one of the most discussed topics would be the so- called intelligibilitas entis, or the fundamental intelligibility of being. The modern counterpart of that problem is the evermore discussed question of why nature can be described mathematically? Sometimes that question is called the problem of the mathematicality of nature.European philosophy of nature began its history from the well-formulated prob- lem of elementarity: what is the arche of the world? That problem created in researchers into nature an instinct for understanding through reduction to elemen- tary principles. That very method of understanding continues to function in modern science. Is there ever any other way to understand something? Even holistic under- standing relies on placement into wholes of once distinct parts. Besides, the category of wholeness can also be treated as an elementary principle. In that broad kind of understanding, the problem of elementarity becomes a case of the problem of the rationality of nature.
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1 Pertama Tugas Filsafat Alam 3

disebut-bahasa teknis filsafat adalah kondisi awal presisi dalam penyelidikan, dan evolusi doktrin filosofis terdiri untuk sebagian besar dalam evolusi konsep. Sebuah doktrin atau sistem filsafat tidak bisa muncul, jika tidak memiliki tersedia konsep yang tepat. Evolusi konsep-konsep mengarah ke pertanyaan-pertanyaan baru. Tanpa bahasa yang tepat, pertanyaan tetap tak terlihat.
2. Metode, atau "sarana sistematis diterapkan." Tanpa metode, ada acci- penemuan gigi, tetapi tidak ada penelitian yang otentik. Metode menghitung tidak kurang dari hasil karena metode yang baik mengandung dalam dirinya sendiri janji hasil lebih lanjut. Kadang-kadang metode baru dapat sendiri menjadi hasilnya. Ini adalah hasil yang penting karena biasanya membuka area baru penelitian. Hasil yang diperoleh oleh para filsuf Ionian alam adalah pembentukan dua metode penelitian: (a) analisis-dekomposisi (biasanya hanya dalam pikiran) menjadi komponen yang lebih sederhana, dalam rangka akhirnya mencapai komponen dasar (pencarian arche); (b) induksi-transisi dari pengamatan individu untuk umum kesimpulan (tumbuhan dan hewan membutuhkan air untuk hidup dan oleh karena air adalah arche alam). Hal ini tidak perlu untuk menekankan bahwa ini hanya penggunaan pertama dari induksi dan masih dikaburkan oleh generalisasi tergesa-gesa.

Dan apa yang para pemikir Yunani terlebih berikan kepada filosofi alam sebagai imbalan? Pertama, kesadaran alam yang menuntut penjelasan intelektual. Hal ini tidak bisa diambil sebagai data undiscussed, tapi satu harus mencari alasan menjelaskan struktur
alam dan bahkan dari (lebih umum) alam itu sendiri.
Kedua, keyakinan bahwa alam dapat dijelaskan dengan mengurangi ke prinsip-prinsip dasar. Prinsip-prinsip ini tidak harus menjadi bagian fisik keseluruhan, seperti, misalnya, air atau atom; mereka bisa menjadi elemen metafisik atau logis, seperti misalnya apeiron atau nomor.
Ketiga, pada dasar dari semua prestasi yang terletak tersembunyi asumsi diam-diam bahwa realitas alam (dan kemudian semua realitas pada umumnya) dapat dijelaskan; bahwa ada alasan mendasar tertentu berkat yang alam (realitas) ada. Penyelidikan alasan tersebut adalah raison d'être filsafat (yang disebut masalah dari nality rasio- alam). Itu asumsi diam-diam akan menjadi sepenuhnya jelas bagi filsuf hanya di Abad Pertengahan, ketika salah satu topik yang paling dibicarakan akan begitu- yang disebut intelligibilitas entis, atau kejelasan fundamental menjadi. Counterpart modern masalah yang lamanya membahas pertanyaan mengapa alam dapat digambarkan secara matematis? Kadang-kadang pertanyaan yang disebut masalah dari mathematicality alam.
Filsafat Eropa alam mulai sejarahnya dari prob lem yang dirumuskan dari elementarity: apa adalah arche dari dunia? Masalah yang dibuat dalam peneliti ke alam naluri untuk pemahaman melalui pengurangan untuk elemen- prinsip militer. Yang sangat metode pemahaman terus berfungsi dalam ilmu pengetahuan modern. Apakah ada yang pernah cara lain untuk memahami sesuatu? Bahkan holistik pemahaman bergantung pada penempatan ke keutuhan dari bagian sekali berbeda. Selain itu, kategori keutuhan juga dapat diperlakukan sebagai prinsip dasar. Dalam jenis luas pemahaman, masalah elementarity menjadi kasus masalah rasionalitas alam.
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