Also, when the same subject receive

Also, when the same subject receives different treatments, as occurs in
a crossover study, responses will be correlated because the same person is
more likely to respond to different circumstances in a similar way than dif-
ferent individuals receiving different treatments. And the responses of dif-
ferent body parts of the same person (e.g., the right and left eye of Mr. A)
will be correlated because the body parts of the same person are more likely
to respond similarly than body parts belonging to different persons (e.g.,
the right eye of Mr. A and the left eye of Mr. B).
Another instance that leads to correlated observations is when subjects
are enrolled from established groups or clusters (e.g., families, clinic practices,
hospitals,
cities)
as
occurs
in
randomized
and
nonrandomized
cluster

studies.
In
this
case,
subjects
recruited
from
the
same
group
are
more
likely

to
respond
in
similar

ways than subjects from different groups, leading to
correlated outcomes.
common
circumstance
leading
to
correlated
observations
is
longitudinal
studies,
where
subjects
are
observed
repeatedly
(e.g.,

baseline
and
every
six
months
thereafter).
Because
it
is
the
same
subject
being

observed
multiple
times,
the
responses
are
correlated
(i.e.,
the
same
subject

is
more
likely
to
have
a
similar
response
each
time
he
or
she
is
observed
than

a
different
subject
would)

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:

Juga, ketika subjek yang sama menerima perawatan yang berbeda, seperti yang terjadi pada
studi Crossover, tanggapan akan berkorelasi karena orang yang sama
lebih mungkin untuk menanggapi situasi yang berbeda dengan cara yang sama dari-beda
individu berbeda-menerima perlakuan yang berbeda. Dan tanggapan-beda
bagian tubuh yang berbeda-dari orang yang sama (misalnya, mata kanan dan kiri Mr A)
akan berkorelasi karena bagian tubuh dari orang yang sama lebih mungkin
untuk merespon sama dari bagian tubuh milik orang yang berbeda (misalnya,
mata kanan Mr A dan mata kiri Mr. B).
Contoh lain yang mengarah ke pengamatan berkorelasi adalah ketika subjek
terdaftar dari kelompok yang didirikan atau kelompok (misalnya, keluarga, klinik dari mata pelajaran dari kelompok yang berbeda, yang mengarah ke berkorelasi