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Protein yang dikodekan oleh gen ABCC8 adalah anggota transporters kaset mengikat ATP. Protein ini menggunakan energi dalam bentuk ATP untuk mendorong transportasi berbagai molekul melintasi selaput sel. ABCC8 milik subfamili pengangkut yang berisi saluran klorida yang bermutasi di cystic fibrosis (CFTR) dan juga protein yang terlibat dalam resistensi multi-obat.Baca lebih lanjut: superfamili Transporter manusia ATP mengikat kaset (ABC)ABCC8 protein ini juga dikenal sebagai reseptor urea sulfonilurea (SUR). SUR adalah salah satu protein yang menyusun ATP-sensitif kalium saluran (KATP channel) ditemukan di pankreas (1). Protein lain, disebut Kir6.2, membentuk inti dari saluran dan dikodekan oleh KCNJ11 gen. KATP saluran memainkan peran sentral dalam sekresi insulin glukosa-diinduksi dengan menghubungkan sinyal berasal dari metabolisme glukosa (kenaikan ATP) ke membran depolarization (karena saluran KATP penutup) dan sekresi insulin.Aktivitas saluran KATP mengatur pelepasan insulin. Sulfonylureas adalah obat yang dapat memodulasi aktivitas saluran KATP dan digunakan dalam pengobatan diabetes tipe 2. Dengan mengikat SUR, mereka menghambat saluran dan merangsang pelepasan insulin. Hal ini menyebabkan penurunan kadar glukosa darah.Aktivitas saluran KATP juga dimodulasi oleh subtipe sur (SUR, juga dikenal sebagai SUR1, dikodekan oleh ABCC8; atau SUR2A dan SUR2B, yang dikodekan oleh ABCC9). Di pankreas, saluran KATP kebanyakan dianggap kompleks empat SUR1 protein dan empat Kir6.2 protein.Mutasi pada ABCC8 atau KCNJ11 dapat mengakibatkan sekresi insulin up-diatur, suatu kondisi yang disebut familial hyperinsulinemic gigih hipoglikemia dari masa kanak-kanak (PHHI) (2-4). Variasi genetik yang di ABCC8 juga telah terlibat dalam gangguan pelepasan insulin yang terlihat dalam diabetes tipe 2.Informasi molekulerABC gen yang ditemukan di banyak spesies eukariotik yang berbeda dan sangat dilestarikan antara spesies, menunjukkan bahwa banyak gen ini ada di awal eukariotik evolusi. LEDAKAN penelusuran menggunakan manusia ABCC8 sebagai query menemukan protein dalam 30 spesies yang berbeda, termasuk organisme multisel (metazoans), jamur, dan tanaman. Gen homolog sejati yang potensial telah diidentifikasi dalam tikus dan tikus.Oleh fluorescence in situ hibridisasi, ditemukan bahwa gen ABBC8 memetakan ke lengan pendek kromosom ke-11 (gambar 1) (5). Hotel ini memiliki 41 exons (coding daerah) yang span 84.000 basis (Lihat bukti).Gambar 1. Lokasi ABCC8 pada genom manusia.Gambar 1Lokasi ABCC8 pada genom manusia. ABCC8 peta untuk kromosom ke-11, kira-kira antara 17,370 dan 17,470 kilobases (kb). Klik maplink.jpg gambar atau di sini untuk melihat saat ini dan interaktif dari lokasi ABCC8 dalam genom manusia. Catatan: angka ini adalah (more...)ABC transporter protein, seperti ABCC8, biasanya berisi dua mengikat ATP domain dan domain transmembran dua (Lihat domain).The ATP-binding domains are also known as nucleotide binding folds (NBFs), and mutations in either NBF1 or NBF2 can lead to PHHI (6). This suggests that both NBF regions of the SUR are needed for the normal regulation of KATP channel activity.As found in all proteins that bind ATP, the nucleotide binding domains of the ABC family of proteins contain characteristic motifs called Walker A and B. The Walker A motif contains a lysine residue that is critical for activating the KATP channel. When this lysine residue is mutated in NBF1, but not NBF2, the KATP channel can no longer be activated (7). In addition, ABC genes also contain a signature C motif.The transmembrane domains contain 6–11 membrane spanning helices, and the ABCC protein contains 6. These helices provide the protein with specificity for the molecule they transport across the membrane.Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found within the ABCC8 gene. Usually SNPs linked with disease occur within the coding regions (exons) of the genes, and they result in a non-synonymous amino acid change. In ABCC8, there are seven such SNPs (at the time of writing) that cause a switch of amino acids in the mature protein (Figure 2). However, one of the SNPs of the ABCC8 gene that has been linked with diabetes (R1273R) does not cause an amino acid change (see below).Figure 2. SNP positions of ABCC8 mapped to the 3D structure of a multidrug resistance ABC transporter homolog in Vibrio cholera.Figure 2SNP positions of ABCC8 mapped to the 3D structure of a multidrug resistance ABC transporter homolog in Vibrio cholera. The figure shows the positions of non-synonymous amino acid changes (green residues) caused by SNPs in the coding sequence. (more...)ABCC8 and Diabetes: Digest of Recent ArticlesFor a more complete list of research articles on ABCC8 and diabetes, search PubMed.The two genes that encode the KATP channel, ABBC8 and KCNJ11, reside adjacent to one another on chromosome 11. A variant of ABCC8, called A1369S, is in almost complete linkage disequilibrium with a variant of KCNJ11 called E23K. This means that from the genetic evidence, it is difficult to determine whether it is the A1369S variant or the E23K variant that predisposes to type 2 diabetes (8).A mutation in ABCC8 was observed to cause an extremely rare form of diabetes, autosomal dominant diabetes, in a Finnish family (9). The switch of glutamate to lysine at residue 1506 (E1506K) in the SUR1 protein caused a congenital hyperinsulinemia. The mutation reduced the activity of KATP channels, increasing insulin secretion. By early adulthood, the ability of the beta cells to secrete adequate amounts of insulin was exhausted, leading to diabetes (10).A silent variant in exon 31 of the ABCC8 gene has been associated with high concentrations of insulin in non-diabetic Mexican Americans. The codon AGG is mutated to AGA, but this still codes for the residue arginine (R1273R). The normal and mutant alleles were called G and A, respectively. Among non-diabetics, those who were homozygous for the mutant allele (AA genotype) had higher levels of insulin when fasting, compared with heterozygotes (AG) and normal wild-type (GG). Because type 2 diabetes is more common in Mexican Americans than in the general US population, it has been proposed that individuals with the AA genotype are at a higher risk of diabetes because of an over-secretion of insulin (11).Two common polymorphisms of the ABCC8 gene (exon 16-3t/c and exon 18 T/C) have been variably associated with type 2 diabetes. However, a recent large case control study in Britain revealed that these ABCC8 variants did not appear to be associated with diabetes (12).Link Roundup for ABCC8Live SearchesDiabetes and ABCC8 in PubMed | PubMed Central | BooksBackground InformationABCC8 in OMIMThe Human ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) Transporter Superfamily on the BookshelfMolecular BiologyABCC8 in Entrez Gene | Evidence Viewer | Map Viewer | Domains: Transmembrane region 1, ATPase 1, Transmembrane domain 2, ATPase 2 | SNPs | BLink | HomoloGene
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