Both pricing-to-market and a home bias in consumption affect the terms terjemahan - Both pricing-to-market and a home bias in consumption affect the terms Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Both pricing-to-market and a home b

Both pricing-to-market and a home bias in consumption affect the terms of trade via their
impact on the exchange rate. However, the direction of the terms of trade response exclusively
depends on the degree of PTM. From a foreign perspective the short run exchange rate depreciates.
Then, the foreign terms of trade improve as long as more than half of the goods are
priced to market. With s = 0:5 the terms of trade remain unaffected, while s < 0:5 yields a
worsening. Thus, when purchasing power parity holds, i.e. s = 0, the foreign terms of trade
deteriorate following an unanticipated permanent fiscal shock.23 Therefore, a higher degree of
PTM has a positive impact on overall foreign welfare via the terms of trade. When assessing
the quantitative relevance of the terms of trade effect one has to take into account the implications
of a possible home bias in consumption. A higher home bias implies less integration
of goods markets, i.e. the importance of relative price changes in international trade declines.
On account of this, a home bias in consumption mitigates the respective terms of trade effects.
The second major short run channel of transmission is the expenditure switching effect
associated with the appreciation of the exchange rate. The international structure of production
hinges primarily on relative prices.24 As the relative price of foreign goods falls, foreign production is stimulated while domestic production is shortened. Abstracting from terms of
trade changes, expenditure switching has a positive effect on foreign welfare. As for the pricing
behavior of producers, PTM limits the expenditure switching effect and reduces foreign welfare
because less goods are subject to price changes originating in exchange rate movements.
If s = 1, there are no changes in short run relative prices at all and foreign and domestic production
remain unchanged. From the short run output equations (39) and (40) it follows that
a stronger home bias in consumption also reduces the expenditure switching effect because of
the diminished importance of imports in the consumption index.
Hence, pricing to market has opposing effects on the terms of trade and expenditure switching.
For s = 1, there is a strong positive terms of trade effect and no expenditure switching.
Moving towards s = 0, the terms of trade continuously deteriorate while expenditure switching
towards foreign production becomes more and more pronounced. All in all, the adverse
evolution of the terms of trade dominates the positive expenditure switching effect.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1: [Salinan]
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Both pricing-to-market and a home bias in consumption affect the terms of trade via theirimpact on the exchange rate. However, the direction of the terms of trade response exclusivelydepends on the degree of PTM. From a foreign perspective the short run exchange rate depreciates.Then, the foreign terms of trade improve as long as more than half of the goods arepriced to market. With s = 0:5 the terms of trade remain unaffected, while s < 0:5 yields aworsening. Thus, when purchasing power parity holds, i.e. s = 0, the foreign terms of tradedeteriorate following an unanticipated permanent fiscal shock.23 Therefore, a higher degree ofPTM has a positive impact on overall foreign welfare via the terms of trade. When assessingthe quantitative relevance of the terms of trade effect one has to take into account the implicationsof a possible home bias in consumption. A higher home bias implies less integrationof goods markets, i.e. the importance of relative price changes in international trade declines.On account of this, a home bias in consumption mitigates the respective terms of trade effects.The second major short run channel of transmission is the expenditure switching effectassociated with the appreciation of the exchange rate. The international structure of productionhinges primarily on relative prices.24 As the relative price of foreign goods falls, foreign production is stimulated while domestic production is shortened. Abstracting from terms oftrade changes, expenditure switching has a positive effect on foreign welfare. As for the pricingbehavior of producers, PTM limits the expenditure switching effect and reduces foreign welfarebecause less goods are subject to price changes originating in exchange rate movements.If s = 1, there are no changes in short run relative prices at all and foreign and domestic productionremain unchanged. From the short run output equations (39) and (40) it follows thata stronger home bias in consumption also reduces the expenditure switching effect because ofthe diminished importance of imports in the consumption index.Hence, pricing to market has opposing effects on the terms of trade and expenditure switching.For s = 1, there is a strong positive terms of trade effect and no expenditure switching.Moving towards s = 0, the terms of trade continuously deteriorate while expenditure switchingtowards foreign production becomes more and more pronounced. All in all, the adverseevolution of the terms of trade dominates the positive expenditure switching effect.
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Kedua harga-ke-pasar dan bias rumah konsumsi mempengaruhi kondisi perdagangan melalui mereka
berdampak pada nilai tukar. Namun, arah hal respon perdagangan eksklusif
tergantung pada derajat PTM. Dari perspektif asing kurs jangka pendek terdepresiasi.
Kemudian, istilah asing perdagangan meningkatkan selama lebih dari setengah dari barang
murah untuk pasar. Dengan s = 0: 5 hal perdagangan tetap tidak terpengaruh, sementara s <0: 5 menghasilkan
memburuk. Jadi, ketika paritas daya beli memegang, yaitu s = 0, istilah asing perdagangan
memburuk menyusul shock.23 fiskal tetap tak terduga karena itu, tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari
PTM memiliki dampak positif pada kesejahteraan asing keseluruhan melalui hal perdagangan. Ketika menilai
relevansi kuantitatif dari segi efek perdagangan orang harus memperhitungkan implikasi
dari bias rumah mungkin dalam konsumsi. Sebuah lebih tinggi home bias berarti integrasi kurang
dari pasar barang, yaitu pentingnya perubahan harga relatif dalam penurunan perdagangan internasional.
Pada rekening ini, bias rumah konsumsi meringankan persyaratan masing-masing efek perdagangan.
Saluran jangka pendek utama kedua dari transmisi efek beralih pengeluaran
terkait dengan apresiasi nilai tukar. Struktur internasional produksi
engsel terutama pada relatif prices.24 Sebagai harga relatif barang asing jatuh, produksi asing dirangsang sementara produksi dalam negeri dipersingkat. Abstrak dari segi
perubahan perdagangan, beralih pengeluaran memiliki efek positif pada kesejahteraan asing. Adapun harga
perilaku produsen, PTM membatasi efek beralih pengeluaran dan mengurangi kesejahteraan asing
karena barang kurang tunduk perubahan harga yang berasal pergerakan nilai tukar.
Jika s = 1, tidak ada perubahan harga relatif jangka pendek sama sekali dan asing dan produksi dalam negeri
tetap tidak berubah. Dari persamaan keluaran jangka pendek (39) dan (40) berikut bahwa
bias rumah kuat konsumsi juga mengurangi efek beralih pengeluaran karena
pentingnya berkurang impor dalam indeks konsumsi.
Oleh karena itu, harga pasar telah efek pada menentang hal perdagangan dan beralih pengeluaran.
Untuk s = 1, ada hal positif yang kuat dari efek perdagangan dan tidak beralih pengeluaran.
Bergerak menuju s = 0, kondisi perdagangan terus memburuk sementara beralih pengeluaran
terhadap produksi asing menjadi lebih dan lebih jelas. Semua dalam semua, merugikan
evolusi dari segi perdagangan mendominasi efek beralih pengeluaran positif.
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