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Dynamics Exogenous to Islam Shaping Relationshipbetween Religion and PoliticsWhile the peculiarities of Indonesian Islam certainly play a role in why democracyfell on fertile grounds in Indonesia, factors not inherently related to theforms of Islam practiced in the archipelago have to be also taken into account.These include the fragmentation of Islamic authority in civil society, a de-institutionalizedpolitical party system, as well as institutional developments of recentyears related to state reform, all of which have prevented radical Islam from gainingpolitical ground.Fragmentation of Islamic authority in civil societyOne of the main reasons why Islam and democracy have entered into such ajoyous relationship in Indonesia is the fragmentation of Islamic authority in Indonesia’scivil society.16 The absence of a unified Islamic center is partially rooted inthe country’s history. The diversity of Indonesian Islam is usually seen as a resultof the way the Islamic conversion occurred in the archipelago. Due to the absenceof an overarching kingdom with centralized authority, the Islamization of thepopulation was subject to various kinds of influences and accommodations withpre-Islamic beliefs and practices in the different parts of the country. The policyof the Dutch colonial powers to deny Indonesian rulers state-based authority overthe institutions of Islamic worship, pilgrimage, schooling, and jurisprudence furtherprevented a state-based, unified form of Islam to emerge in Indonesia. Thispattern has become even more distinct due to developments of recent years. Incontemporary Southeast Asia, “established ecclesiastical hierarchies...are in crisis,their hegemonies under threat...It is no exaggeration to speak of tectonic shiftsin the politics of religious knowledge, or...the democratization of religion.” writesJohn T. Sidel.17 In Indonesia, Sidel continues, this has manifested itself not only inthe abolishment of formal and informal restrictions upon religious life18 but alsoin the emergence of new sources of religious authority19 and a renewal of formsand patterns of religious practice and clerical mediation.20 Consequently, religiousnotables saw their monopoly over religious affairs evaporate and, as a result, theirinfluence has diminished over the last decade in both Java,21 the heartland of thecountry, and Outer Island Indonesia
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