The Communication Effects Gap andthe Consequences of DiffusionMost pas terjemahan - The Communication Effects Gap andthe Consequences of DiffusionMost pas Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

The Communication Effects Gap andth

The Communication Effects Gap and
the Consequences of Diffusion
Most past communication research, including most diffusion studies,
attempted to determine what effects a particular source, channel, message, or combination of such elements has on an audience. This
research on the first dimension of communication effects mainly pursues
the question: "What are the effects of a communication
activity?" Effects are indexed mainly as the average change in the
knowledge, attitudes, or overt behavior of a set of individuals.
The nature of research on the second dimension of communication
effects is quite different. Here one asks: "Has the communication
activity had a greater, or different, effect on certain individuals,
rather than others?" Here the communication scholar seeks to ascertain the equality of effects of communication, not just how much effect
occurred on the average (or in the aggregate).
About the time that diffusion researchers began to turn to this second
dimension, dealing with the equality issue, Tichenor et al (1970)
proposed a useful research paradigm for studying gaps, implying that
data should be gathered at two or more points in time, both before
and after a communication activity. The measure of effects should be
not just the average amount of behavior change in the audience (the
first dimension), but whether gaps in socioeconomic status and/or in
knowledge of information increased or decreased (this is the second
dimension of effects). In essence, Tichenor et al (1970) suggested that
we should look at who in an audience was affected most, and who
least. Figures 11-4a and 11-4b depict this research approach to investigating
the equality dimension of communication effects, a
research paradigm that was found to be useful by diffusion scholars
studying the equality of consequences of innovation.
One of the main implications of the communication effects gap
paradigm, inspired by Tichenor et al (1970) and carried forward in
studies by McNelly and Molina (1972), Katzman (1974), and Cook et
al (1975), was to look within an audience to determine whether certain
segments were more affected than other segments by a communication
intervention. This analytic approach to looking also for differential
effects, rather than just for average effects or aggregate effects on
the entire audience, took communication scholars in the direction of
focusing upon equality issues in the effects of communication. Equality
of effects became the second dimension of communication effects
research (Figure 11-4b).
Diffusion scholars thus began to analyze their data in order to investigate
the degree to which a diffusion program widened or narrowed
gaps among the members of a social system. The categorization
of the total audience into two or more segments ("ups" and
"downs") might be on the basis of socioeconomic status (for example,
larger versus smaller farmers in a village), adopter category (for
instance, earlier adopters versus later adopters), or the level of information
possessed (the information-rich versus the information-poor).
Almost no matter how the "ups" and downs" were classified,* certain
regularities about equality in the consequences of diffusion were
found.
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The Communication Effects Gap andthe Consequences of DiffusionMost past communication research, including most diffusion studies,attempted to determine what effects a particular source, channel, message, or combination of such elements has on an audience. Thisresearch on the first dimension of communication effects mainly pursuesthe question: "What are the effects of a communicationactivity?" Effects are indexed mainly as the average change in theknowledge, attitudes, or overt behavior of a set of individuals.The nature of research on the second dimension of communicationeffects is quite different. Here one asks: "Has the communicationactivity had a greater, or different, effect on certain individuals,rather than others?" Here the communication scholar seeks to ascertain the equality of effects of communication, not just how much effectoccurred on the average (or in the aggregate).About the time that diffusion researchers began to turn to this seconddimension, dealing with the equality issue, Tichenor et al (1970)proposed a useful research paradigm for studying gaps, implying thatdata should be gathered at two or more points in time, both beforeand after a communication activity. The measure of effects should benot just the average amount of behavior change in the audience (thefirst dimension), but whether gaps in socioeconomic status and/or inknowledge of information increased or decreased (this is the seconddimension of effects). In essence, Tichenor et al (1970) suggested thatwe should look at who in an audience was affected most, and wholeast. Figures 11-4a and 11-4b depict this research approach to investigatingthe equality dimension of communication effects, aresearch paradigm that was found to be useful by diffusion scholarsstudying the equality of consequences of innovation.One of the main implications of the communication effects gapparadigm, inspired by Tichenor et al (1970) and carried forward instudies by McNelly and Molina (1972), Katzman (1974), and Cook etal (1975), was to look within an audience to determine whether certainsegments were more affected than other segments by a communicationintervention. This analytic approach to looking also for differentialeffects, rather than just for average effects or aggregate effects onthe entire audience, took communication scholars in the direction offocusing upon equality issues in the effects of communication. Equalityof effects became the second dimension of communication effectsresearch (Figure 11-4b).Diffusion scholars thus began to analyze their data in order to investigatethe degree to which a diffusion program widened or narrowedgaps among the members of a social system. The categorizationof the total audience into two or more segments ("ups" and"downs") might be on the basis of socioeconomic status (for example,larger versus smaller farmers in a village), adopter category (forinstance, earlier adopters versus later adopters), or the level of informationpossessed (the information-rich versus the information-poor).Almost no matter how the "ups" and downs" were classified,* certainregularities about equality in the consequences of diffusion werefound.
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Efek Komunikasi Gap dan
Konsekuensi Difusi
Sebagian masa penelitian komunikasi, termasuk kebanyakan studi difusi,
berusaha untuk menentukan apa efek sumber tertentu, saluran, pesan, atau kombinasi dari unsur-unsur tersebut telah pada penonton. Ini
penelitian tentang dimensi pertama dari efek komunikasi terutama mengejar
pertanyaan: "Apakah efek dari
komunikasi? Aktivitas" Efek diindeks terutama sebagai perubahan rata-rata di
pengetahuan, sikap, atau perilaku terbuka dari satu set individu.
Sifat penelitian tentang dimensi kedua komunikasi
efek sangat berbeda. Berikut salah satu bertanya: "Memiliki komunikasi
aktivitas memiliki lebih besar, atau berbeda, efek pada individu tertentu,
bukan orang lain?" Berikut sarjana komunikasi berusaha untuk memastikan kesetaraan efek komunikasi, bukan hanya berapa banyak berpengaruh
terjadi pada rata-rata (atau secara agregat).
Tentang waktu yang peneliti difusi mulai beralih ke kedua ini
dimensi, berurusan dengan isu kesetaraan, Tichenor et al (1970)
mengusulkan sebuah paradigma penelitian yang berguna untuk mempelajari kesenjangan, menyiratkan bahwa
data harus berkumpul di dua titik atau lebih dalam waktu, baik sebelum
dan setelah kegiatan komunikasi. Ukuran efek harus
tidak hanya jumlah rata-rata perubahan perilaku penonton (yang
dimensi pertama), tapi apakah kesenjangan dalam status sosial ekonomi dan / atau di
pengetahuan informasi meningkat atau menurun (ini adalah kedua
dimensi efek). Pada intinya, Tichenor et al (1970) menyarankan bahwa
kita harus melihat yang di penonton terpengaruh paling, dan yang
paling. Angka 11-4a dan menggambarkan orang 11-4b pendekatan penelitian ini untuk menyelidiki
dimensi kesetaraan efek komunikasi, sebuah
paradigma penelitian yang ditemukan berguna oleh para sarjana difusi
mempelajari persamaan konsekuensi inovasi.
Salah satu implikasi utama dari efek komunikasi kesenjangan
paradigma, terinspirasi oleh Tichenor et al (1970) dan diteruskan di
studi oleh McNelly dan Molina (1972), Katzman (1974), dan Masak et
al (1975), adalah untuk melihat ke dalam audiens untuk menentukan apakah tertentu
segmen lebih terpengaruh dari segmen lain oleh komunikasi
intervensi. Pendekatan ini analitik untuk mencari juga untuk diferensial
efek, bukan hanya untuk efek rata-rata atau efek agregat pada
seluruh penonton, mengambil sarjana komunikasi ke arah
berfokus pada isu-isu kesetaraan dalam efek komunikasi. Kesetaraan
efek menjadi dimensi kedua efek komunikasi
penelitian (Gambar 11-4b).
Sarjana Difusi sehingga mulai menganalisis data mereka untuk menyelidiki
sejauh mana program difusi melebar atau menyempit
kesenjangan antara anggota suatu sistem sosial. Kategorisasi
dari total penonton menjadi dua atau lebih segmen ("up" dan
"down") mungkin atas dasar status sosial ekonomi (misalnya,
lebih besar dibandingkan petani kecil di sebuah desa), kategori adopter (untuk
misalnya, pengadopsi awal dibandingkan kemudian pengadopsi), atau tingkat informasi
yang dimiliki (kaya informasi versus informasi-miskin). yang
Hampir tidak peduli bagaimana "up" surut "diklasifikasikan, * tertentu
keteraturan tentang kesetaraan di konsekuensi dari difusi yang
ditemukan.
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