Lethargy (aversion to free-access w

Lethargy (aversion to free-access wheel running) was reported in rats and mice exposed for 6 hours to 100 ppm (70 mg/m3) ammonia (Tepper et al., 1985). A decrease in respiratory rate and an increase in respiratory depth were reported for rabbits exposed to 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) ammonia over a 3-hour period (Mayan and Merilan, 1972).
Mild to moderate nasal irritation, ocular irritation (lacrimation) and dyspnea occurred in dogs and rabbits after 5 days of intermittent (8 hours a day) exposure to 770 mg/m3 (1105 ppm) ammonia (Coon et al., 1970). These conditions disappeared upon the second week of exposure to the same concentration, suggesting an adaptation response. No irritation effects were reported for dogs and rabbits exposed to 155 mg/m3 (223 ppm) ammonia over the same time period (Coon et al., 1970).
Exposure of pigs to 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) ammonia over a 3 day period resulted in oral, nasal and ocular irritation, as well as coughing and a decrease in body weight. No adverse effects occurred in pigs exposed for the same duration to 10 ppm (7 mg/m3) ammonia (Stombaugh et al., 1969).
Murata and Horino (1999) assessed the potential effects of ammonia on the respiratory system of cattle by exposing bovine lung neutrophils and bronchoalveolar macrophages in vitro to 50, 100 or 200 ppm (139 mg/m3) ammonia over a one hour period. Bronchoalveolar macrophages were unaffected; however, ammonia concentrations as low as 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) significantly affected lung neutrophils (i.e., cell damage and inflammatory response), and resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in neutrophil recovery rates.
Based on evidence of changes in human olfactory sensitivity as a result of long-term exposure (5-32 years) to ammonia (30 ppm)(21 mg/m3), Jones et al. (2001; 2000) tested the potential for ammonia to affect olfactory acuity in pigs. The acute exposure of pigs to 40 ppm (28 mg/m3) ammonia (4 to 12 minutes over 4 consecutive days) did not compromise their ability to locate buried, odorized food. The short exposure periods (total of 16 or 48 minutes) may have been insufficient to elicit any effects on the olfactory system (Jones et al., 2000). Similarly, acute exposure (45 minutes) to 40 ppm (28 mg/m3) ammonia did not affect the ability of pigs to perceive different concentrations of n-butanol. Olfactory effects from acute ammonia exposure are likely transient in nature as olfactory neurons are able to regenerate upon cessation of exposure (Jones et al., 2001).
In an investigation on the effects of ammonia exposure on the nasal and tracheal mucosa of pigs, Urbain et al. (1996) exposed piglets to 5 ppm (3 mg/m3), 25 ppm (17 mg/m3), 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) or 100 ppm (70 mg/m3) ammonia for 6 days. No clinical signs of exposure (i.e., nasal discharge or sneezing) were reported, however, significant effects on nasal mucosa, (increased neutrophil count and epithelial hyperplasia) and functional disturbances of the tracheal smooth-muscle contractions, occurred at ammonia concentrations of 25 ppm (17 mg/m3) or greater.

Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 1:

Kelesuan (keengganan untuk akses bebas roda berjalan) dilaporkan di tikus dan tikus yang terkena selama 6 jam amonia (70 mg/m3) 100 ppm (Tepper et al., 1985). Penurunan tingkat pernapasan dan peningkatan kedalaman pernapasan dilaporkan untuk kelinci terkena 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) amonia selama 3 jam (maya dan Merilan, 1972).Ringan sampai sedang hidung iritasi, okular iritasi (lacrimation) dan dyspnea terjadi pada anjing dan kelinci setelah 5 hari (8 jam sehari) intermiten terpapar mg/m3 (1105 ppm) 770 amonia (Coon et al., 1970). Kondisi ini menghilang pada minggu kedua paparan konsentrasi sama, menunjukkan respon adaptasi. Tidak ada efek iritasi dilaporkan untuk anjing dan kelinci terkena 155 mg/m3 (223 ppm) amonia selama periode waktu yang sama (Coon et al., 1970).Paparan babi amonia (35 mg/m3) 50 ppm selama 3 hari menghasilkan mulut, hidung dan okular iritasi, serta batuk dan penurunan berat badan. Tidak ada efek samping terjadi pada babi yang terkena selama sama 10 ppm (7 mg/m3) amonia (Stombaugh et al., 1969).Murata dan Horino (1999) dinilai potensi efek amonia pada sistem pernapasan ternak dengan mengekspos paru-paru sapi neutrofil dan makrofag bronchoalveolar secara in vitro ke 50, 100 atau 200 ppm (139 mg/m3) amonia selama satu jam. Makrofag Bronchoalveolar yang terpengaruh; Namun, konsentrasi amonia serendah 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) secara signifikan terkena paru-paru neutrofil (yaitu, kerusakan sel dan respons peradangan), dan mengakibatkan penurunan tingkat pemulihan neutrofil bergantung pada dosis.Berdasarkan bukti perubahan kepekaan penciuman manusia sebagai hasil dari paparan jangka panjang (5-32 tahun) amonia (30 ppm) (21 mg/m3), Jones et al. (2001; 2000) diuji potensi amonia untuk mempengaruhi penciuman ketajaman pada babi. Paparan akut babi 40 ppm (28 mg/m3) amonia (4 hingga 12 menit hari berturut-turut 4) tidak berkompromi kemampuan mereka untuk menemukan terkubur, odorized makanan. Periode singkat eksposur (total 16 atau 48 menit) mungkin cukup untuk menimbulkan efek apapun pada sistem penciuman (Jones et al., 2000). Demikian pula, paparan akut (45 menit) 40 ppm (28 mg/m3) amonia tidak mempengaruhi kemampuan babi untuk memahami berbagai konsentrasi n-butanol. Penciuman efek dari paparan akut amonia adalah mungkin sementara di alam sebagai penciuman neuron mampu menumbuhkan berdasarkan penghentian eksposur (Jones et al., 2001).Dalam penyelidikan pada efek paparan amonia pada mukosa hidung dan trakea babi, Urbain et al. (1996) terkena babi 5 ppm (3 mg/m3), 25 ppm (17 mg/m3), 50 ppm (35 mg/m3) atau 100 ppm (70 mg/m3) amonia selama 6 hari. Ada tanda-tanda klinis eksposur (yaitu, hidung debit atau bersin) dilaporkan, namun, efek yang signifikan pada mukosa hidung, (peningkatan neutrofil dan epitel hiperplasia) dan gangguan fungsional kontraksi otot polos trakea, terjadi pada konsentrasi amonia 25 ppm (17 mg/m3) atau lebih besar.