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E. Techniques for StUdying Crystal Properties
Various techniques are available for the investigation of the solid state. These include microscopy (including hot-stage microscopy), infrared spectrophotometry, single-crystal X-ray and X-ray powder diffraction, thermal
analysis. and dilatometry. Single-crystal X-ray provides the most complete information about the solid state. It is, however, tedious, time consuming, and, hence, unsuitable for routine use.
Powder X-ray diffraction is both rapid and relatively simple, and is the method of choice. The powder X-ray diffraction pattern is unique to each polymorphic form: amorphous materials do not show any patterns or show
one or two broad peaks attributable to the presence of shortrange ordering. Powder X-ray diffraction does not always indicate if the crystalline material is a true polymorph or a solvate. In Figure 16 are shown typical powder X-ray diffraction patterns for anhydrous amorphous, anhydrous crystalline, and crystalline trihydrate forms of the antibiotic epicillin [81,82].
Differential thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry are particularly useful in the investigation of polymorphism and in obtaining pertinent thermodynamic data. Figure 17 shows differential thermal analysis
patterns for two polymer-phs and a dioxane solvate form of SQ 10,996 [83]. Curve (1) is the differential thermogram ~Jr form A of SQ 10,996. It shows a melting endotherm at approximately 195°C, followed by a decomposition endotherm at 250 to 300°C. Curve (2) represents the differential thermogram for form B. It shows a melting endotherm at 180°C, followed by a small exotherm characterizing transition to form A, which then melts and decomposes at 190°C and 250 to 300°C, respectively. Curve (3) is a thermogram for the dioxane solvate. It is similar to that of form B with the exception that it has an extra endotherm at 140°C. This is a de solvation endotherm; upon desolvation, form B is generated. Other events on the thermogram of the solvate are identical to those seen for form B.
Desolvation endotherms are not always as distinct as shown in this example. In these situations thermogravimetric analysis is very useful. The thermogravimetric analysis pattern for the dioxane solvate showed a loss in weight that began at 105°C and was complete at about 140°C. The loss represented 13% of the total weight, which corresponded to a 1: 1 solvate.
Presence of a solvate is best visualized by heating a sample of the suspected solvate immersed in a high-boiling liquid in which it is soluble. In this technique, desolvation is indicated by the appearance of bubbles. A hot
stage microscope is very useful in the visualization. Another approach to determine whether an observed endotherm is due to desolvation is suggested in the work of Serajuddin [79]. His data for theophylline monohydrate are presented in Figure 18. It can be seen here that the desolvation endotherm shifted depending on manner of exposure of the sample. This difference in the observed dehydration temperature was explained on the basis of the partial pressure of water vapor prevalent over the sample under the different experimental conditions. On the other hand, the position of melting endotherm is independent of the manner of sample presentation
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