1. IntroductionOne of the macroeconomic challenges facing Nigeria gove terjemahan - 1. IntroductionOne of the macroeconomic challenges facing Nigeria gove Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

1. IntroductionOne of the macroecon

1. Introduction
One of the macroeconomic challenges facing Nigeria governments in economic history has been the mainte-nance of price stability. The subject matter of inflation has received diverse attention due to its sensitivity to economic issues.
There has been an upsurge in inflationary rates leading to major economic distortions in Nigeria since the late 1970s, consequent to civil war, salary increment, and excess government spending. The gradual, but increasing, inflation rate became serious during the 1980s which was marked by several military interventions in governance. Within this period, the various military leaders who came into power pursued expansionary policies in economic management. The adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), in 1986, was for the purpose of re-structuring and diversifying the productive base of the economy so as to reduce dependency on the oil sector and imports. Inflationary pressures during the SAP era of 1986-1990 was due largely to sundry factors, especially whole sale depreciation of the Naira on the foreign ex-change market, which increased the Naira prices of im-ported goods including raw materials and capital goods as well as an unprecedented growth in money supply during the period (Onoh, 1990) [1]. The outcome was a huge balance of payment deficit.
Although the magnitude of the inflationary rate con-tinues to vary overtime, all sectors of the economy have been affected by the shocks. The signs closely associated with these shocks are huge balance of payment deficits, high rates of inflation, declining domestic savings, growing government expenditure, falling agricultural production, decreased utilization of industrial capacity, poor transportation infrastructure, and poor levels of so-cial services. All these problems were financed through proceeds of the oil boom which resulted in increases in money supply and the subsequent effects on the economy through high general price levels.
Inflation, in the mid 1990’s, became worse due to sanctions against Nigeria by the international community. In the era of democracy which started in May, 1999, Ni-geria could not get to the single digit target level of infla-tion that it had achieved in the 1950s and the early 1960s. Though various fiscal and monetary policies were adopted by government to reduce the high and variable rates of inflation to a single and a relatively stable digit, there has not been any remarkable success due to some constraints such as instability of government, instability of Naira’s exchange rate, increased fiscal deficits, in-adequate policy co-ordination and unsustainable pressure on balance of payments. The problem of inflation in Ni-geria is chiefly associated with the failure to address the structural weakness in the economy, especially the fail-ure to diversify the economy, and reduce dependence on oil exports. Given the major distortions caused by infla-tion on the country’s economic growth and the living standard of the citizenry, it is pertinent therefore to look
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1. Introduction
One of the macroeconomic challenges facing Nigeria governments in economic history has been the mainte-nance of price stability. The subject matter of inflation has received diverse attention due to its sensitivity to economic issues.
There has been an upsurge in inflationary rates leading to major economic distortions in Nigeria since the late 1970s, consequent to civil war, salary increment, and excess government spending. The gradual, but increasing, inflation rate became serious during the 1980s which was marked by several military interventions in governance. Within this period, the various military leaders who came into power pursued expansionary policies in economic management. The adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), in 1986, was for the purpose of re-structuring and diversifying the productive base of the economy so as to reduce dependency on the oil sector and imports. Inflationary pressures during the SAP era of 1986-1990 was due largely to sundry factors, especially whole sale depreciation of the Naira on the foreign ex-change market, which increased the Naira prices of im-ported goods including raw materials and capital goods as well as an unprecedented growth in money supply during the period (Onoh, 1990) [1]. The outcome was a huge balance of payment deficit.
Although the magnitude of the inflationary rate con-tinues to vary overtime, all sectors of the economy have been affected by the shocks. The signs closely associated with these shocks are huge balance of payment deficits, high rates of inflation, declining domestic savings, growing government expenditure, falling agricultural production, decreased utilization of industrial capacity, poor transportation infrastructure, and poor levels of so-cial services. All these problems were financed through proceeds of the oil boom which resulted in increases in money supply and the subsequent effects on the economy through high general price levels.
Inflation, in the mid 1990’s, became worse due to sanctions against Nigeria by the international community. In the era of democracy which started in May, 1999, Ni-geria could not get to the single digit target level of infla-tion that it had achieved in the 1950s and the early 1960s. Though various fiscal and monetary policies were adopted by government to reduce the high and variable rates of inflation to a single and a relatively stable digit, there has not been any remarkable success due to some constraints such as instability of government, instability of Naira’s exchange rate, increased fiscal deficits, in-adequate policy co-ordination and unsustainable pressure on balance of payments. The problem of inflation in Ni-geria is chiefly associated with the failure to address the structural weakness in the economy, especially the fail-ure to diversify the economy, and reduce dependence on oil exports. Given the major distortions caused by infla-tion on the country’s economic growth and the living standard of the citizenry, it is pertinent therefore to look
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1. Pendahuluan
Salah satu tantangan yang dihadapi ekonomi makro pemerintah Nigeria dalam sejarah ekonomi telah menjadi mainte-nance stabilitas harga. Subyek inflasi telah menerima beragam perhatian karena sensitivitas terhadap isu-isu ekonomi.
Telah ada kenaikan tarif inflasi yang menyebabkan distorsi ekonomi utama di Nigeria sejak akhir 1970-an, akibat perang saudara, kenaikan gaji, dan belanja pemerintah yang berlebihan. Bertahap, namun meningkat, tingkat inflasi menjadi serius selama tahun 1980 yang ditandai dengan beberapa intervensi militer dalam pemerintahan. Dalam periode ini, berbagai pemimpin militer yang berkuasa mengejar kebijakan ekspansif dalam pengelolaan ekonomi. Penerapan Structural Adjustment Program (SAP), pada tahun 1986, adalah untuk tujuan re-strukturisasi dan diversifikasi basis produktif ekonomi sehingga dapat mengurangi ketergantungan pada sektor minyak dan impor. Tekanan inflasi pada era SAP dari 1986-1990 terutama disebabkan oleh faktor-galanya, terutama seluruh penjualan depresiasi Naira di pasar mantan perubahan asing, yang meningkatkan harga Naira barang im-porting termasuk bahan baku dan barang modal serta sebagai pertumbuhan yang sangat pesat dalam jumlah uang beredar selama periode (Onoh, 1990) [1]. Hasilnya adalah keseimbangan besar defisit pembayaran.
Meskipun besarnya tingkat inflasi con-tinues bervariasi lembur, semua sektor ekonomi telah terpengaruh oleh guncangan. Tanda-tanda terkait erat dengan guncangan ini keseimbangan besar defisit pembayaran, tingkat inflasi yang tinggi, menurunnya tabungan domestik, pengeluaran pemerintah tumbuh, jatuh produksi pertanian, penurunan pemanfaatan kapasitas industri, infrastruktur transportasi yang buruk, dan tingkat miskin layanan begitu-resmi. Semua masalah ini dibiayai melalui dana dari boom minyak yang mengakibatkan kenaikan jumlah uang beredar dan efek berikutnya pada perekonomian melalui tinggi tingkat harga umum.
Inflasi, pada pertengahan 1990-an, menjadi lebih buruk karena sanksi terhadap Nigeria oleh masyarakat internasional. Dalam era demokrasi yang dimulai pada bulan Mei 1999, Ni-Geria tidak bisa sampai ke digit level target tunggal infla-tion yang telah dicapai dalam tahun 1950-an dan awal 1960-an. Meskipun berbagai kebijakan fiskal dan moneter yang diadopsi oleh pemerintah untuk mengurangi tingkat tinggi dan variabel inflasi ke satu dan angka yang relatif stabil, belum ada keberhasilan yang luar biasa karena beberapa kendala seperti ketidakstabilan pemerintahan, ketidakstabilan nilai tukar Naira yang , peningkatan defisit fiskal, di-kebijakan yang memadai koordinasi dan tekanan berkelanjutan pada neraca pembayaran. Masalah inflasi di Ni-Geria ini terutama terkait dengan kegagalan untuk mengatasi kelemahan struktural dalam perekonomian, terutama gagal-ure untuk diversifikasi ekonomi, dan mengurangi ketergantungan pada ekspor minyak. Mengingat distorsi besar disebabkan oleh infla-tion pada pertumbuhan ekonomi negara dan standar hidup warga negara, sangatlah penting karena itu untuk melihat
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