Unlike in the case of the traditional banking system, commercial banks terjemahan - Unlike in the case of the traditional banking system, commercial banks Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Unlike in the case of the tradition

Unlike in the case of the traditional banking system, commercial banks in the Islamic system cannot borrow from the central bank through the customary mechanism of rediscounting at a given official discount rate. Any such borrowing has to be based on a profit and loss arrangement. We assume here that banks can borrow from the central bank only on an equity-participation basis. That is, the central bank purchases equity in the bank when it wishes to expand reserves in the system, and vice versa. Therefore, an additional source of funds for commercial banks becomes the sale of equity shares (Eb) to the central bank(24). As in the case of investment deposits, the rate of return on equity shares (re) would depend on the overall profit position of banks, so that in contrast to an official discount rate, it would not be determined directly by the
central bank.

On the lending side banks engage in only risk-return sharing Mudarabah arrangements with the public. Mudarabah financing (Fb) in this case is assumed to subsume all other types of similar arrangements, such as Musharakab financing(25). As in the case of investment deposits, the profits earned from the projects financed by the bank (p) are shared between the bank and the entrepreneur on a prearranged basis specified in the contract between the two before the financing is provided. The rate of return the banks receive will be related to the rate they pay on their liabilities, with the spread essentially covering operating and other costs. If such costs are assumed to be zero, the rate of return on loans will be equal to rate of return on deposits. The banks would thus be receiving:
γ 0; π 0
Fb
r = γπ > ><
where g is the profit-sharing ratio in favor of the bank(26). The return to the borrower would correspondingly be equal to (1 -g)p Fb so that an increase in rb, brought about by a higher g would reduce the demand for loans.

Banks are also required to hold a certain proportion of their liabilities to the public (Db) in the form of reserves with the central bank (Rb). There has been discussion in the literature on Islamic banking as to whether investment deposits should be subject to legal reserve requirements or not (Khan (1986)). In the present case, however, we assume that banks hold reserves at the central bank without necessarily implying that such holdings are mandatory.

b. Central bank
The central bank's liabilities in this simplified system consist solely of reserves of commercial banks (Rc). Since there is no currency held by the public in the model, high-powered money in the economy is definitionally equal to the stock of bank reserves. On the asset side the central bank holds equity shares of commercial banks (Ec), and the rate of return (re) on these is market determined. The supply of reserves is changed by the central bank through variations in its stock of bank equity shares (DEc = DRc), which in turn alters the cost of borrowing for the banks.
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Unlike in the case of the traditional banking system, commercial banks in the Islamic system cannot borrow from the central bank through the customary mechanism of rediscounting at a given official discount rate. Any such borrowing has to be based on a profit and loss arrangement. We assume here that banks can borrow from the central bank only on an equity-participation basis. That is, the central bank purchases equity in the bank when it wishes to expand reserves in the system, and vice versa. Therefore, an additional source of funds for commercial banks becomes the sale of equity shares (Eb) to the central bank(24). As in the case of investment deposits, the rate of return on equity shares (re) would depend on the overall profit position of banks, so that in contrast to an official discount rate, it would not be determined directly by the
central bank.

On the lending side banks engage in only risk-return sharing Mudarabah arrangements with the public. Mudarabah financing (Fb) in this case is assumed to subsume all other types of similar arrangements, such as Musharakab financing(25). As in the case of investment deposits, the profits earned from the projects financed by the bank (p) are shared between the bank and the entrepreneur on a prearranged basis specified in the contract between the two before the financing is provided. The rate of return the banks receive will be related to the rate they pay on their liabilities, with the spread essentially covering operating and other costs. If such costs are assumed to be zero, the rate of return on loans will be equal to rate of return on deposits. The banks would thus be receiving:
γ 0; π 0
Fb
r = γπ > ><
where g is the profit-sharing ratio in favor of the bank(26). The return to the borrower would correspondingly be equal to (1 -g)p Fb so that an increase in rb, brought about by a higher g would reduce the demand for loans.

Banks are also required to hold a certain proportion of their liabilities to the public (Db) in the form of reserves with the central bank (Rb). There has been discussion in the literature on Islamic banking as to whether investment deposits should be subject to legal reserve requirements or not (Khan (1986)). In the present case, however, we assume that banks hold reserves at the central bank without necessarily implying that such holdings are mandatory.

b. Central bank
The central bank's liabilities in this simplified system consist solely of reserves of commercial banks (Rc). Since there is no currency held by the public in the model, high-powered money in the economy is definitionally equal to the stock of bank reserves. On the asset side the central bank holds equity shares of commercial banks (Ec), and the rate of return (re) on these is market determined. The supply of reserves is changed by the central bank through variations in its stock of bank equity shares (DEc = DRc), which in turn alters the cost of borrowing for the banks.
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Tidak seperti dalam kasus sistem perbankan tradisional, bank-bank komersial dalam sistem Islam tidak dapat meminjam dari bank sentral melalui mekanisme adat rabat- pada tingkat diskon resmi yang diberikan. Setiap pinjaman tersebut harus didasarkan pada laba rugi pengaturan. Kami berasumsi sini bahwa bank dapat meminjam dari bank sentral hanya atas dasar kesetaraan partisipasi. Artinya, ekuitas pusat pembelian bank bank ketika ingin memperluas cadangan dalam sistem, dan sebaliknya. Oleh karena itu, sumber tambahan dana untuk bank-bank komersial menjadi penjualan saham ekuitas (Eb) ke bank sentral (24). Seperti dalam kasus deposito investasi, tingkat pengembalian saham ekuitas (re) akan tergantung pada posisi laba keseluruhan bank, sehingga berbeda dengan tingkat diskon resmi, itu tidak akan ditentukan langsung oleh
bank sentral. Pada bank samping pinjaman terlibat dalam hanya berbagi Mudarabah perjanjian dengan masyarakat risk-return. Pembiayaan Mudarabah (Fb) dalam hal ini diasumsikan untuk menggolongkan semua jenis pengaturan yang sama, seperti pembiayaan Musharakab (25). Seperti dalam kasus deposito investasi, keuntungan yang diperoleh dari proyek-proyek yang dibiayai oleh bank (p) dibagi antara bank dan pengusaha secara diatur sebelumnya ditentukan dalam kontrak antara kedua sebelum pembiayaan disediakan. Tingkat pengembalian bank terima akan berkaitan dengan tingkat mereka membayar kewajiban mereka, dengan penyebaran dasarnya meliputi operasi dan biaya lainnya. Jika biaya tersebut diasumsikan nol, tingkat pengembalian pinjaman akan sama dengan tingkat pengembalian deposito. Bank-bank dengan demikian akan menerima: γ 0; π 0 Fb r = γπ>> < mana g adalah rasio bagi hasil yang mendukung bank (26). Kembalinya peminjam akan Sejalan sama dengan (1 g) p Fb sehingga peningkatan rb, dibawa oleh g lebih tinggi akan mengurangi permintaan kredit. Bank juga wajib memiliki proporsi tertentu dari kewajiban mereka untuk masyarakat (Db) dalam bentuk cadangan dengan bank sentral (Rb). Ada diskusi dalam literatur tentang perbankan Islam, apakah deposito investasi harus tunduk pada persyaratan cadangan hukum atau tidak (Khan (1986)). Dalam kasus ini, namun, kami berasumsi bahwa bank memiliki cadangan di bank sentral tanpa harus menyiratkan bahwa kepemilikan tersebut wajib. b. Bank sentral kewajiban bank sentral dalam sistem disederhanakan ini hanya terdiri dari cadangan bank komersial (Rc). Karena tidak ada mata uang yang dipegang oleh masyarakat dalam model, uang bertenaga tinggi dalam perekonomian adalah definitionally sama dengan stok cadangan bank. Di sisi aset bank sentral memegang saham ekuitas bank umum (Ec), dan tingkat pengembalian (re) pada ini adalah pasar yang ditentukan. Pasokan cadangan diubah oleh bank sentral melalui variasi sahamnya saham ekuitas bank (DEC = DRC), yang pada gilirannya mengubah biaya pinjaman bagi bank.










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