operating diseconomies are introduced as firms are forced to use margi terjemahan - operating diseconomies are introduced as firms are forced to use margi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

operating diseconomies are introduc

operating diseconomies are introduced as firms are forced to use marginal labor and/or older
plant and equipment to reach the higher capacity. The figures in Exhibit 12.16 indicate that
capacity utilization ranged from a peak of 84.0 percent in 1995 to a low of 66.2 percent in
2009 following the 2008–2009 recession.
Unit Labor Cost The change in unit labor cost is a compound effect of two individual factors:
(1) changes in wages per hour, and (2) changes in worker productivity. Wage costs per hour
typically increase every year by varying amounts depending on the economic environment. As
shown in Exhibit 12.16, the annual percentage increase in compensation per hour varied from
1.7 percent in 1994 to 7.2 percent in 2000. If workers did not become more productive, this
increase in per-hour wage costs would be the increase in per-unit labor cost. Fortunately, because
of advances in technology and greater mechanization, the output per hour (the measure
of labor productivity) has increased over time—our labor force has become more productive. If
wages per hour increase by 5 percent and labor productivity increases by 5 percent, there
would be no increase in unit labor costs because the workers would offset wage increases by
producing more. Therefore, the increase in per-unit labor cost is a function of the percentage
change in hourly wages minus the increase in productivity during the period. The actual relationship
is not this exact due to measurement problems, but it is close as indicated by the data
in Exhibit 12.16. For example, during 2001, wage rates increased by 4.0 percent, productivity
increased by only 2.5 percent because of the recession, and therefore unit labor costs increased
by 1.5 percent. In contrast, during 2002 compensation increased by 3.6 percent but productivity
0/5000
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operating diseconomies are introduced as firms are forced to use marginal labor and/or olderplant and equipment to reach the higher capacity. The figures in Exhibit 12.16 indicate thatcapacity utilization ranged from a peak of 84.0 percent in 1995 to a low of 66.2 percent in2009 following the 2008–2009 recession.Unit Labor Cost The change in unit labor cost is a compound effect of two individual factors:(1) changes in wages per hour, and (2) changes in worker productivity. Wage costs per hourtypically increase every year by varying amounts depending on the economic environment. Asshown in Exhibit 12.16, the annual percentage increase in compensation per hour varied from1.7 percent in 1994 to 7.2 percent in 2000. If workers did not become more productive, thisincrease in per-hour wage costs would be the increase in per-unit labor cost. Fortunately, becauseof advances in technology and greater mechanization, the output per hour (the measureof labor productivity) has increased over time—our labor force has become more productive. Ifwages per hour increase by 5 percent and labor productivity increases by 5 percent, therewould be no increase in unit labor costs because the workers would offset wage increases byproducing more. Therefore, the increase in per-unit labor cost is a function of the percentagechange in hourly wages minus the increase in productivity during the period. The actual relationshipis not this exact due to measurement problems, but it is close as indicated by the datain Exhibit 12.16. For example, during 2001, wage rates increased by 4.0 percent, productivityincreased by only 2.5 percent because of the recession, and therefore unit labor costs increasedby 1.5 percent. In contrast, during 2002 compensation increased by 3.6 percent but productivity
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
diseconomies operasi diperkenalkan sebagai perusahaan dipaksa untuk menggunakan tenaga kerja marjinal dan / atau lebih tua
tetap untuk mencapai kapasitas yang lebih tinggi. Angka-angka dalam pameran 12.16 menunjukkan bahwa
pemanfaatan kapasitas berkisar dari puncak 84,0 persen pada tahun 1995 yang rendah dari 66,2 persen pada
2009 setelah resesi 2008-2009.
Satuan Kerja Biaya Perubahan unit biaya tenaga kerja efek gabungan dari dua faktor individu :
(1) perubahan upah per jam, dan (2) perubahan dalam produktivitas pekerja. Biaya upah per jam
biasanya meningkat setiap tahun dengan jumlah yang bervariasi tergantung pada lingkungan ekonomi. Seperti
ditunjukkan dalam pameran 12.16, persentase kenaikan tahunan kompensasi per jam bervariasi dari
1,7 persen pada tahun 1994 menjadi 7,2 persen pada tahun 2000. Jika pekerja tidak menjadi lebih produktif, ini
kenaikan biaya upah per jam akan peningkatan per-unit biaya tenaga kerja. Untungnya, karena
kemajuan teknologi dan mekanisasi yang lebih besar, output per jam (ukuran
dari produktivitas tenaga kerja) meningkat dari waktu ke waktu-kita angkatan kerja telah menjadi lebih produktif. Jika
upah per jam meningkat sebesar 5 persen dan produktivitas tenaga kerja meningkat sebesar 5 persen, ada
akan ada kenaikan biaya tenaga kerja unit karena pekerja akan diimbangi kenaikan upah dengan
memproduksi lebih. Oleh karena itu, kenaikan biaya tenaga kerja per unit adalah fungsi dari persentase
perubahan upah per jam minus peningkatan produktivitas selama periode tersebut. Hubungan yang sebenarnya
tidak tepat ini karena masalah pengukuran, tapi dekat seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh data
di pameran 12.16. Misalnya, selama tahun 2001, tingkat upah meningkat 4,0 persen, produktivitas
meningkat hanya 2,5 persen karena resesi, dan karena itu unit biaya tenaga kerja meningkat
sebesar 1,5 persen. Sebaliknya, selama tahun 2002 kompensasi meningkat 3,6 persen tapi produktivitas
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