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Acoustic aspects of consonants Top 3.2.1 English Plosives: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ Plosives are usually introduced first because of the kind of constriction in the mouth by which they are produced (closing-compression-release). There are six of them: / p, b, t, d, k, g /. Ø / p / and / b / are produced with the constriction at the lips (bilabial). In the case of / p /, the vocal folds (cords) produce no voicing, and is consequently known as a voiceless plosive; /b/ is voiced.Ø / t / and / d / are produced with the constriction of the blade of the tongue against the ridge behind the upper teeth (alveolar); / t / is voiceless.Ø / k / and / g / are produced with the constriction of the back of the tongue against the back of the roof of the mouth, the soft palate (velar); / k / is voiceless. Four acoustic properties of plosives 1. Duration of stop gap – silent period in the closure phasei.e. the closure duration of /p, t, k/ are longer than /b, d, g/2. Voicing bar – a dark bar that is shown at the low frequencies and it’s usually below 200Hzi.e. only for voiced plosives /b, d, g/ , which is a primary indicator of voicing in the spectrogram, and all kinds of voiced sounds, including vowels, show this voicing bar at such low frequencies3. Release burst – a strong vertical spikei.e. In general, we observe a stronger spike for /p, t, k/ than for /b, d, g/4. Aspiration – a short frication noise before vowel formants begin and it is usually in 30msi.e. /p, t, k/ of stressed syllable in initial position e.g. /ph/ in pin. Aspiration is not the same as the release burst. The period of aspiration (which only some voiceless plosives have) is much longer than the very short release burst (which all released plosives have).
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