Warfarin–Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) interactionsGinsenosides are consi terjemahan - Warfarin–Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) interactionsGinsenosides are consi Bahasa Indonesia Bagaimana mengatakan

Warfarin–Asian ginseng (P. ginseng)

Warfarin–Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) interactions
Ginsenosides are considered the active constituents in Asian
ginseng root and in vitro evidence suggests that ginsenosides
may inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit the conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin (Park et al., 1996; Yun et al., 2001,). A
study in 20 volunteers found that Asian ginseng 100 mg standardized
to 4% ginsenosides twice daily for 14 days did not
significantly change urinary 6-β-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio,
which suggests that Asian ginseng does not induce CYP3A4
(Anderson et al., 2003).
In a case report (defined as possible), a 47-year-old male
with a mechanical heart valve experienced a decreased INR 2
weeks after a stabilized regimen of ginseng three times daily
(no further information of product) was begun (Janetzky and
Morreale, 1997). His drug regimen also included diltiazem,
nitroglycerin, and salsalate. The patient's INR of 3–4 had
been stable for at least 9 months prior to the event on a dosing
regimen of warfarin 5 mg daily, decreased to 1.5 upon use of
ginseng supplement, and returned to normal after ginseng was
discontinued. In a similar report of a possible interaction, a 58-
year-old male with mechanical bileaflet aortic valve was admitted
to the hospital with acute anterospectal myocardial infarction
and diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient had been optimally
maintained on warfarin until 3 months prior to admission, when
his INR became unsteady. Echocardiography showed thrombosis
on the valve. The author reported that the inability to
maintain therapeutic INR levels was likely due to self-treatment
with a commercial ginseng product (assumed to be Asian
ginseng) for an unspecified time (Rosado, 2003). These case
reports suggest that Asian ginseng should be avoided in
patients receiving warfarin because of the risk of thrombotic
complications. However, a randomized, open-label, three-way
crossover study of co-administration of ginseng and warfarin in
12 healthy volunteer did not affect INR, platelet aggregation or
pharmacokinetics of S- and R-warfarin (Jiang et al., 2004).
Warfarin–green tea interaction
There is a case report of a possible interaction in a 44 year-old
patient who was on stable warfarin therapy for a mechanical
heart valve. The patient experienced a decreased INR after consuming
a large amount of green tea (1 gal/day for 1 week.)
(Taylor and Wilt, 1999). Oral administration of the probe drugs
dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 activity) and alprazolam (CYP3A4
activity) to 11 healthy volunteers demonstrated that decaffeinated
green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract did not induce CYP2D6 and
3A4 pathways (Donovan et al., 2004). A study using rabbit
whole blood found that green tea is a potent inhibitor of thrombin
stimulated platelet thromboxane formation which suggests green
tea extract may be beneficial for treatment of vascular disease,
but may also increase the risk of bleeding when used in combination
with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (Ali and Afzal,
1987). Therefore, patients on warfarin therapy should not consume
large quantities of green tea.
Warfarin–omega fatty acid interactions
Omega fatty acids, such as those found in fish oil supplements,
may potentially interact with anticoagulants. In one case
report, a 67-year-old female experienced an increased INR
when fish oil and warfarin were administered concurrently
(Buckley et al., 2004). The patient had been taking 1 g of fish
oil daily in addition to 1.5 mg warfarin daily with a stable INR of
2.8 for at least 5 months. When the dose of fish oil was increased
to 2 g daily, the patient's INR rose to 4.3. A decrease in the
warfarin dose to 1 mg daily and fish oil to 1 g daily resulted in a
subtherapeutic INR while a return to the original regimen of 1.5
mg warfarin and 1 g fish oil daily returned the INR to the normal
maintenance levels. The authors hypothesized eicosapentaenoic
and docosahexaenoic acids in fish oil effected platelet aggregation
or vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. However,
results of a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded,
parallel study in 16 patients taking stable doses of warfarin
suggested that 3 to 6 g of fish oil daily does not significantly
affect INR (Bender et al., 1998). Therefore, although the results
are conflicting, concomitant use of fish oil (omega fatty acids)
with warfarin could theoretically increase the risk of bleeding
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Interaksi ginseng warfarin-Asia (P. ginseng)
Ginsenosides dianggap sebagai unsur aktif di Asia
Akar ginseng dan secara in vitro bukti menunjukkan bahwa ginsenosides
mungkin menghambat Agregasi trombosit dan menghambat konversi
fibrinogen untuk fibrin (Park et al, 1996; Yun et al., 2001). A
studi di 20 relawan, ditemukan bahwa Asia ginseng 100 mg standar
4% ginsenosides dua kali sehari selama 14 hari tidak
secara signifikan mengubah rasio 6-β-OH-kortisol/kortisol kemih,
yang menunjukkan bahwa ginseng Asia tidak menginduksi
(Anderson et al., 2003) menghambat CYP3A4.
dalam kasus laporan (didefinisikan sebagai mungkin), laki-laki berusia 47 tahun
dengan hati mekanik katup mengalami penurunan INR 2
minggu setelah rejimen stabil dari ginseng tiga kali sehari
(tidak ada informasi tambahan untuk produk) dimulai (Janetzky dan
Morreale, 1997). Rejimen obat nya juga termasuk diltiazem,
nitrogliserin, dan salsalate. Pasien INR 3 – 4 telah
telah stabil selama sedikitnya 9 bulan sebelum acara pada dosis
rejimen warfarin 5 mg sehari-hari, menurun ke 1.5 berdasarkan penggunaan
suplemen ginseng, dan kembali normal setelah ginseng
dihentikan. Dalam sebuah laporan yang sama mungkin interaksi, 58-
tahun laki-laki dengan katup aorta mekanis bileaflet dirawat
ke rumah sakit dengan infark miokard akut anterospectal
dan ketoasidosis diabetik. Pasien telah optimal
dikelola di warfarin sampai 3 bulan sebelum masuk, ketika
INR Nya menjadi goyah. Ekokardiografi menunjukkan trombosis
pada katup. Penulis melaporkan bahwa ketidakmampuan untuk
mempertahankan tingkat INR terapeutik adalah mungkin karena diri-pengobatan
dengan produk ginseng komersial (diasumsikan Asia
ginseng) untuk waktu yang tidak ditentukan (Rosado, 2003). Kasus ini
laporan menyarankan ginseng Asia yang harus dihindari dalam
pasien yang menerima warfarin karena risiko NINCDS
komplikasi. Namun, acak, buka-label, tiga-cara
crossover yang studi administrasi Co ginseng dan warfarin di
12 sukarelawan sehat tidak mempengaruhi INR, Agregasi trombosit atau
pharmacokinetics dari S - dan R-warfarin (Jiang et al., 2004).
Warfarin-green teh interaksi
ada laporan kasus mungkin interaksi dalam 44 tahun
pasien yang pada stabil warfarin terapi untuk mekanik
katup jantung. Pasien mengalami penurunan INR setelah mengkonsumsi
sejumlah besar teh hijau (1 gal/hari selama 1 minggu.)
(Taylor dan layu, 1999). Pemberian oral obat probe
dextromethorphan (aktivitas CYP2D6) dan alprazolam (menghambat CYP3A4
aktivitas) untuk sukarelawan sehat 11 menunjukkan bahwa kopi tanpa kafein
ekstrak teh hijau (Camellia sinensis) tidak melakukan menginduksi CYP2D6 dan
3A4 jalur (Donovan et al., 2004). Sebuah studi menggunakan kelinci
seluruh darah menemukan bahwa teh hijau adalah inhibitor poten pada trombin
merangsang pembentukan tromboksan trombosit yang menunjukkan hijau
ekstrak teh mungkin bermanfaat untuk pengobatan penyakit vaskular,
tetapi juga dapat meningkatkan risiko perdarahan bila digunakan dalam kombinasi
dengan obat-obatan antiplatelet dan antikoagulan (Ali dan Afzal, ditangkap
1987). Oleh karena itu, pasien pada warfarin terapi sebaiknya tidak mengkonsumsi
jumlah besar teh hijau.
Warfarin-omega fatty acid interaksi
asam lemak Omega, seperti yang ditemukan dalam suplemen minyak ikan,
mungkin berpotensi berinteraksi dengan antikoagulan. Dalam satu kasus
laporan, laki-laki berusia 67 tahun mengalami peningkatan INR
ketika minyak ikan dan warfarin diberikan bersamaan
(Buckley et al., 2004). Pasien telah mengambil 1 g ikan
minyak Harian Selain warfarin 1,5 mg sehari-hari dengan INR stabil dari
2,8 untuk setidaknya 5 bulan. Ketika dosis minyak ikan meningkat
2 g harian, pasien INR naik ke 4.3. Penurunan
warfarin dosis 1 mg sehari-hari dan ikan minyak dengan 1 g harian mengakibatkan
kantong INR sementara kembali ke rejimen asli 1.5
mg warfarin dan 1 g minyak ikan setiap hari kembali INR normal
tingkat perawatan. Para penulis dihipotesiskan eicosapentaenoic
dan asam docosahexaenoic dalam minyak ikan dilakukan Agregasi trombosit
atau faktor koagulasi tergantung vitamin K. Namun,
hasil plasebo-terkontrol acak, double-buta,
paralel studi di 16 pasien mengambil dosis stabil warfarin
disarankan bahwa 3-6 g ikan minyak harian Apakah tidak signifikan
mempengaruhi INR (Bender et al., 1998). Oleh karena itu, walaupun hasil
yang bertentangan, termasuk penggunaan minyak ikan (omega fatty acid)
dengan warfarin secara teoritis dapat meningkatkan risiko perdarahan
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Hasil (Bahasa Indonesia) 2:[Salinan]
Disalin!
Warfarin–Asian ginseng (P. ginseng) interactions
Ginsenosides are considered the active constituents in Asian
ginseng root and in vitro evidence suggests that ginsenosides
may inhibit platelet aggregation and inhibit the conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin (Park et al., 1996; Yun et al., 2001,). A
study in 20 volunteers found that Asian ginseng 100 mg standardized
to 4% ginsenosides twice daily for 14 days did not
significantly change urinary 6-β-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio,
which suggests that Asian ginseng does not induce CYP3A4
(Anderson et al., 2003).
In a case report (defined as possible), a 47-year-old male
with a mechanical heart valve experienced a decreased INR 2
weeks after a stabilized regimen of ginseng three times daily
(no further information of product) was begun (Janetzky and
Morreale, 1997). His drug regimen also included diltiazem,
nitroglycerin, and salsalate. The patient's INR of 3–4 had
been stable for at least 9 months prior to the event on a dosing
regimen of warfarin 5 mg daily, decreased to 1.5 upon use of
ginseng supplement, and returned to normal after ginseng was
discontinued. In a similar report of a possible interaction, a 58-
year-old male with mechanical bileaflet aortic valve was admitted
to the hospital with acute anterospectal myocardial infarction
and diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient had been optimally
maintained on warfarin until 3 months prior to admission, when
his INR became unsteady. Echocardiography showed thrombosis
on the valve. The author reported that the inability to
maintain therapeutic INR levels was likely due to self-treatment
with a commercial ginseng product (assumed to be Asian
ginseng) for an unspecified time (Rosado, 2003). These case
reports suggest that Asian ginseng should be avoided in
patients receiving warfarin because of the risk of thrombotic
complications. However, a randomized, open-label, three-way
crossover study of co-administration of ginseng and warfarin in
12 healthy volunteer did not affect INR, platelet aggregation or
pharmacokinetics of S- and R-warfarin (Jiang et al., 2004).
Warfarin–green tea interaction
There is a case report of a possible interaction in a 44 year-old
patient who was on stable warfarin therapy for a mechanical
heart valve. The patient experienced a decreased INR after consuming
a large amount of green tea (1 gal/day for 1 week.)
(Taylor and Wilt, 1999). Oral administration of the probe drugs
dextromethorphan (CYP2D6 activity) and alprazolam (CYP3A4
activity) to 11 healthy volunteers demonstrated that decaffeinated
green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract did not induce CYP2D6 and
3A4 pathways (Donovan et al., 2004). A study using rabbit
whole blood found that green tea is a potent inhibitor of thrombin
stimulated platelet thromboxane formation which suggests green
tea extract may be beneficial for treatment of vascular disease,
but may also increase the risk of bleeding when used in combination
with antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs (Ali and Afzal,
1987). Therefore, patients on warfarin therapy should not consume
large quantities of green tea.
Warfarin–omega fatty acid interactions
Omega fatty acids, such as those found in fish oil supplements,
may potentially interact with anticoagulants. In one case
report, a 67-year-old female experienced an increased INR
when fish oil and warfarin were administered concurrently
(Buckley et al., 2004). The patient had been taking 1 g of fish
oil daily in addition to 1.5 mg warfarin daily with a stable INR of
2.8 for at least 5 months. When the dose of fish oil was increased
to 2 g daily, the patient's INR rose to 4.3. A decrease in the
warfarin dose to 1 mg daily and fish oil to 1 g daily resulted in a
subtherapeutic INR while a return to the original regimen of 1.5
mg warfarin and 1 g fish oil daily returned the INR to the normal
maintenance levels. The authors hypothesized eicosapentaenoic
and docosahexaenoic acids in fish oil effected platelet aggregation
or vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. However,
results of a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blinded,
parallel study in 16 patients taking stable doses of warfarin
suggested that 3 to 6 g of fish oil daily does not significantly
affect INR (Bender et al., 1998). Therefore, although the results
are conflicting, concomitant use of fish oil (omega fatty acids)
with warfarin could theoretically increase the risk of bleeding
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